第一章
1.What is language?
服务体验Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication
2.Design features of language
①桂圆吃多了Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their 红鹳meaning. (sounds and meanings)
②Duality（二层性）:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are compod of elements of the condary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its urs.
④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their urs to symbolize objects, event
s and concepts which are not prent (in time and space) at moment of communication. (p7)
3.Functions of language
① Informative(信息功能): to give information about facts. (ideational)
② Interpersonal(人际功能): to establish and maintain social status in a society.(age, x, language, background, accent, status)
③ Performative(施为功能) : language is ud to do things, to perform certain actions. (name, promi, apologize, sorry, declare)
④. Emotive/Expressive (情感功能): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker.
⑤Phatic communion(寒暄交流) : to u small and meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship or maintain social contact between people without any factual content. (health, weather)
⑥ Recreational function(娱乐): the u of language for sheer joy. (lyrics, poetry)
⑦Metalingual function(元语言功能): to talk about language itlf.
4. What is linguistics?一个口一个坐念什么
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
5. Important distinctions in linguistics
Descriptive & prescriptive
Synchronic & diachronic
Langue & parole
Competence & performance
6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describe and analyze linguistic facts or the language people actually u (modern linguistic)闻名中外
Prescriptive(规定性)—lay down rules for “correct and standard” linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar: “never u a double negative”)
7.Synchronic study (共时)—description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics)
Diachronic study (历时)— description of a language as it changes through time (historical development of language over a period of time)
第四章
1．What is Syntax （句法）?
Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form ntences.句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则
2．Four Approaches :The traditional approach传统语言观 (Parts of speech、Syntactic Function不考、Category范畴、Concord and government一致关系和支配关系)、The stru
ctural approach结构语言观、The generative approach、The functional approach功能语言观
3．The traditional grammar regards ntences as a quence of words , so it pays great attention to the study of words , such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech , the identification of function of words in terms of subject, predicate , etc.
挖野菜的作文4. Parts of speech
Traditional grammar defines 8 parts of speech: nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.
5．塞林格The term Category范畴 in some approaches refers to word class and functions in its narrow n,范畴这一术语狭义上是指词类和功能 eg. Noun, Verb, Subject, Predicate. More specifically, it refers to the defining properties of the general units:
会分手的恋爱the categories of the noun名词的范畴, include number, gender, ca and countability（ca）;
the categories of the verb动词的范畴: ten, aspect, voice, etc.
6．Number is mostly a category of the noun and pronoun名词和不可数名词.
Two terms of number in nouns: singular and plural单数和复数
Number is also reflected in the inflections of pronouns and verbs
7. Gender is also mostly a category of the noun and pronoun.
In English, the gender distinctions are on the whole natural, determined by the biological gender of the creature.
8. Ca is ud in the analysis of word class to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a ntence.在词类分析中，格范畴用来辨别句子中词之间的句法关系
In English, pronouns have three cas of nominative主格, accusative受格, and genitive与格. Nouns have two of general and genitive所有格
In English, the ca of noun is realid in three channels:(a) inflection(b) following a preposition(c) word order
9. Ten时态: the absolute location of an event or action on time. It is marked by an inflection of the verb. As a result, there are only two tens recognized now: past and prent.
