一、语义学视角下语义的表现
（一）王寅教授的分析
(1)家风家训内容说话人意义（speaker’s meaning浙江实用医学）, 受话人的意义（hearer’s meaning）[语言交际过程中参与者的角色分析]
(2)自然意义（natural meaning）和非自然意义（unnatural meaning）
(3)词素义（morpheme meaning）, 词义（word meaning）, 句义（ntence meaning）, 话词义（utterance meaning）, 语篇义（discour meaning）
(4)内涵义（intensional meaning ）与 外延义（extentional meaning）[从哲学和逻辑学角度]
太阳日珥(5)概念意义和附加意义（conceptual meaning and added meaning）
（二）、Leech 对意义的区分七种
Leech recognizes ven types of meaning in his Semantics
制作月饼的方法
1) Conceptual meaning :logical, cognitive, or denotative content
晋语
2) Connotative meaning: What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to
3) Social meaning: What is communicated of the social circumstances of language u
4) Affective meaning: What is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer
5) Reflected meaning : What is communicated through association with another n of the same expression
6) Collocative meaning: What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word
7) Thematic meaning: What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.
以下为对上述的解释
1、自然意义，非自然意义Natural meaning and non-natural meaning
Natural meaning and nonnatural meaning is put forward by Grice in his famous article “Meaning”.
As for natural meaning, there is the evidential relationship between a cau and its effect. An example of natural meaning is “Tho spots mean measles.” “x means y” is related to “x shows that y,” “x is a symptom of y” and “x lawfully correlates with y”. Tho spots on little Jimmy do not really mean measles in natural meaning, if Jimmy does not have measles, even if the spots typically correlate with measles.
蔡健雅达尔文Nonnatural meaning pertains to language and communication. It means words and speakers. On nonnatural n, “x 电脑蓝牙在哪means y” is clor to “x says/asrts that y”, “x 一个礼拜打一个字express y”. And when “x means y” is the ca, it will usually be true that someone, or some group, means something by x. In nonnatural n, it can be true that “x means y” even though x obtains when y is not the ca. Thus our speaker might indeed have meant that you should bring more whisky, when in reality you should not: his meaning it, i
n nonnatural n, does not make it so.
In Grice’s opinion, nonnatural meaning is ud to induce some belief in hearer. More than that, it is ud to induce the belief by getting the addre to recognize the intention to induce a belief: in meaning something, then speaker does not merely cau the hearer to have a belief, he/she overtly gives the speaker a reason to believe, the reason being that he/she wants the speaker to believe. Thus what a person means, in the nonnatural n, comes down to his/her complex mental states, especially intentions.
2、关于听话人，说话人The Speaker and the Listener
To ensure smooth communication between the speaker and the listener, it is important to nail down the role of them and the interaction between them. Some basic linguistics theory, such as Speech Act Theory, the Cooperative Principle, Conversational Implicatures, the Politeness Principle, atc. will help learners to well understand the role of the speaker and the listener.
Speech act is actions performed via utterances. In English, it is commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promi, or request. The descriptive terms for different kinds of speech acts apply to the speaker's communicative intention in producing an utterance. The speaker normally expects that his or her communicative intention will be recognized by the hearer. Both speaker and hearer are usually helped in this process by the circumstances surrounding the utterance.
We know that quite often a speaker can mean a lot more than what is said. The problem is to explain how the speaker can manage to convey more than what is said and how the hearer can arrive at the speaker’s meaning. H. P. Grice believes that there must be some mechanisms governing the production and comprehension of the utterances. He suggests that there is a t of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle (CP).
According to Grice, conversational implicatures can ari from either strictly and directly obrving or deliberately and openly flouting the maxims, that is, speakers can produce i
mplicatures in two ways: obrvance and non-obrvance of the maxims. The least interesting ca is when speakers directly obrve the maxims so as to generate conversational implicatures. If the hearer wants to accurately export the conversational implicatures, he or she should know something about the the following aspects: 1）conventionality implicatures of the utterance; 2）cooperative principle and criteria; 3）the context of the utterance; 4）some common background knowledge of the speaker and the listener.
