跨⽂化交际上课内容unit5
Homework:
仇士良1. What is the relationship between language and culture according to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
2. Translate the following terms:
houwarming, disinterested, m ind one’s p’s and q’s, a nine days wonder 红糖, 红茶, 眼红, 青天
Unit Five Culture and Verbal Communication
I.Warm Up
Plea read the story on page 156. What can we learn from the story?
Supplement: Additional materials about Verbal Communication⾔语交际
(i) Verbal communication
Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.
In intercultural communication, we u words to
communicate with the outside world.
share the past.
exerci some control over the prent.
form images of the future.
(ii) Cross-Cultural Verbal Communication Styles (p179-183)
1. Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles
In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s
intentions.
Eg. U.S. Americans tend to u a straightforward直⽩的form of request.
In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intentions.
Eg. Chine tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout迂回的and implicit含蓄的way.
2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement谦逊Verbal Styles
The lf-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ⾃夸one’s accomplishments and abilities. Eg. In the classified ads分类⼴告, American ad might begin with, “A handsome, athletic male with a good n of humor eks a fun-loving partner…”
The lf-effacement verbal style, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of humbling onelf via verbal restraints限制禁⽌, hesitations and modest talk.
Eg. In the classified ads, Japane ad might read, “Although I am not very good-looking, I’m willing to try my best.”Compare the following ways to rve tea:
Japane: This is not very delicious, but …
American: This is the best I can offer.
3. Elaborate精⼼制作, Exacting严格的and Succinct简洁Styles
An elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished美化language. This style of communication can be en in many Arab
阿拉伯, Middle Eastern, and Afro-American美国⿊⼈cultures.
An exacting style, where persons say no more or less than is needed, is ud by Americans.
A succinct style is characterized by the u of conci statements,
短发发型女图片understatements, and even silence. A succinct style can be found in Japan, China, and some Native American cultures Compare the followings:
Arab: @#%&$%)(_$$``^%#@... …
American: Just the facts!
Chine: Silence is Golden.
4. Personal and Contextual Style
庐山作文The personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker.
Eg. English has only one form for the cond person, that is, you.
The contextual style highlights one’s role identity and status.
Eg. Chine, German and French, for example, have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you (你/您; du/Sie; tu/vous).
5. Instrumental and Affective Style
An instrumental verbal⼯具性语⾔style is nder-bad and goal-outcome bad. The instrumental speaker us communication
to achieve some goal or outcome. The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker.
An affective communication 情感传达style is receiver and process oriented调整. The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication, but with the process. The responsibility of understanding rests with在于both the speaker and the listener.
II.Reading
1.Read the article of “Understanding the Culture of Conversation”. What
are the different cultures of conversation among people from different countries?
1)Conversation is a rich point (a rich point is something in one culture
that makes it difficult to be connected with another culture). It isn’t any particular word or grammatical construction that produces the rich point; it is something about the way things are going, something about people’s ideas about how to do a conversation. To handle the rich points, old unconscious ways of doing things are dusted off抹掉, new ways are built up. To conver交谈in the new ways, you have to experience culture and manufacture some frames. If you don’t figure out the frames, you might speak grammatically correct English, but what you communicate will differ from what you intended.
张赢天Now let’s go to e the different conversation cultures of different countries.
2)Mexican:
The conversation may start with one topic, and if another interesting topic eps in渗⼊you ride it around for a while. Sticking to the first topic is less important than having an interesting conversation.
3)American:
①The conversation usually has a topic, and the speaker wants to
take a straight line through it from the beginning to end.
②The Americans expect an answer to the orienting 定向question,
that is to lance their conversation with lf-promotion ⾃我推销
-- here’s who I am, here’s why I’m good at it, here’s why you should pay attention to me.
4)Swedish:
The Swedish conversational ideal is to respond in a conci简明的manner without elaborating specific details, esp. tho for lf-promotion.
5)Thus, what caus miscommunication 错误传达is often the way
ideas are put together into an argument, the way some ideas are lected for special emphasis, or the way emotional information about the ideas is prented.
6)Different conversation cultures between Anglos and Athabaskans:
①Who speaks first (who opens the conversation);
②Who controls the talk;
③When it’s time for a new person to take a turn, such as the length
of a pau; (who talks next)
④How long one should talk;
⑤How a conversation should clo; (who clos the conversation)
2.Apart from differences in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation,
what other differences can you find between Chine and English? Read the article of “The Way People Speak”.
1)From the example of the conversation between an Italian and an
American, we can e the different conversation patterns in the two cultures. The Americans do not enjoy verbal conflicts over politics or anything el while the Italians welcome them.
2)High involvement ⾼度介⼊conversation patterns and high
considerateness patterns (Deborah Tannen):
High involvement patterns: talk more; interrupt more; expect to be interrupted; talk more loudly at times and talk more quickly. Many enjoy arguments.
High considerateness体谅⼈的patterns: speak one at a time; u polite listening sounds; refrain from克制抑制interrupting and give plenty of positive and respectful respons to their conversation partners.
3)Cultures involved:
High involvement patterns: Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, and African.
High considerateness patterns: Asian Cultures like Chine and Japane, mainstream Americans.
4)There are also significant differences between the various cultures
of the same conversation pattern. Even within the United States there are important regional地区and ethnic differences种族差异in conversation styles.
5)Cultural beliefs ⽂化信仰differ as to whether directness or
indirectness is considered positive. In the mainstream American culture, the ideal form of communication includes being direct rather than indirect. Latin Americans and many Asians value indirectness.
6)Ping-Pong conversational style and Bowling style
In an American “Ping-Pong” conversation, one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back and the game continues. Each part of the conversation follows this pattern: the greeting and the opening, the discussion of a topic, and the closing and farewell告别. However, in a Japane “Bowling”conversation, each participant waits politely for a turn and knows exactly when the time is right to speak. That is, they know their place in
line. In Japane conversation, long silences are tolerated. For Americans, even two or three conds of silence can become uncomfortable.
告白方式3.So far, we can e that there are the Cultural Relativity⽂化相对性of
Communication -- when to talk, what to say and how to say differ from culture to culture.
(i) When to talk (the example of the conversation between Anglos and Athabaskans)
(ii) How to talk
①Pacing and pausing (the example of the conversation between Anglos
农业技术推广法and Athabaskans)
Meaning: How fast do you speak? How long do you wait following another speaker’s utterance表达说话, before concluding the other has no more to say?
②Listenership (the example of the conversation between Anglos and
Athabaskans)
③Indirectness
Meaning: Only a part of meaning resides in存在于the words spoken; the largest part is communicated by hints暗⽰, assumptions, and listeners filling-in from context and prior experience.
< A Greek wife (or daughter): Can I go to the marketplace?
Husband or father: (never say no) If you want, you can go. –
meaning No.
Yes, of cour, go. – meaning Yes. (iii) What to say -- topics (See the exercis on p164)
Which topics are regarded as the appropriate ones in conversations? Weather, Pet, Work, Hobby, Sex, Family, Age, Income, Property, Marital status, Politics, Religious belief, Dia, Death, Disability广州中华广场
Homework: read the three dialogues on page 170-172, then try to find out the problems and ways to avoid such problems in
intercultural
communication.
III.Topics for prentation: compliment (p162-163), telephone calls (p172-173), how to say “No” (p133-136), introduction, Disagreeing agreeably (American way & Chine way:)
--What does Japane “Hai”mean? How does an American understand it? (p133)
-- How to express “no” across cultures? (p134-136)
Supplement: Making Good Introduction
Suppo an important client is visiting your corporate headquarters企业总部. You’re having a conversation when the president of your company walks into the room. It’s up to you to make the introductions. But whom do you introduce to who m? Which person’s name do you state first?
Your client is important to you and your company, but certainly the company president is also important. Do you have a dilemma? Not if you understand the background of making introductions, which is basically, “The person with greater importance takes precedence优先.”
(i) Sequence顺序of introduction -- a uful format:
1.Always state the name of the most important person first;
/doc/a701accd53e79b89680203d8ce2f0066f533649a.html e words like “May I” or “I would like to” or “It is a pleasure to”;
3.Follow with words like “Introduce” or “Prent” (“Prent” is more
formal);
4.Then state the name of the Lower ranking person;
5.And always add a brief ntence about the lower ranking person,
such as a job title or project he or she is working on, a recent success, or a common interest with the nior. This provides the nior with information to begin a comfortable conversation. (Example)
Erica: Professor Honda, may I introduce my classmate Steven Jacobs.
Steven, this is my professor of literature.
Prof: Nice to meet you, Steven.
Steven: Thank you. It’s a pleasure to meet you, Professor Honda. Etica has talked a lot about you.
Porf: All good, I hope.
(ii) Suitable topics of conversation星空高清图片
(iii) Taboos:
IV.Ca Study: Students are required to read the cas given carefully and try to analy them from the viewpoint of IC.
