专业英语翻译第十篇——
带薪年假什么意思>红薯玉米粥
Further Reading (1): Gothic Architecture
深入阅读（1）：哥特式建筑
东福岛建筑091班
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
哥特式建筑是一种兴盛于中世纪高峰和晚期的建筑风格。哥特式建筑是从罗马建筑演变发展而来，并且成功地发展为后来的文艺复兴建筑。
Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as “the French Style”, with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaissance as a stylistic insult. Its characteristic features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress.
张啸林哥特式建筑发展于12世纪的法国并且持续到第十六世纪，哥特式建筑在此期间被称为“法国式长丝巾系法”，哥特这个词第一次出现在文艺复兴后期并且带有一定的贬义色彩。哥特式建筑的特点包括有尖券、骨架券和飞扶壁。
Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and parish churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, universities, and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings.
哥德式建筑最常见于欧洲著名的大教堂、修道院和教区教堂。同时，这种建筑风格也应用到了许多城堡、宫殿、城镇的会堂、大学以及尺度较小的私人住宅。
It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expresd most powerfully, its characteristics lending themlves to appeal to the emotions. A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largel
y a study of cathedrals and churches.
哥特式建筑在著名的教堂、大教堂和一些市政建筑中，哥特式风格得到了充分的体现和表达，它的建筑特点符合了人们的情感需要。这个时期保留了大量的基督教建筑，这些建筑对于研究教堂的结构具有较大的意义，被联合国教课文化组织认为是无价的艺术品并列为世界遗产地。因此学习哥特式建筑主要就是学习大教堂和教堂。
Characteristics of Gothic churches and cathedrals
哥特式教堂和大教堂的特点
In Gothic architecture, a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style. Tho technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying buttress. The Gothic style, when applied to an ecclesiastical building, emphasizes verticality and light. This appearance was achieved by the development of certain architectural features, which together provided an engineering solution. The structural jparts of the building cead to be its solid walls, and
became a stone skeleton comprising clustered columns, pointed ribbed vaults and flying buttress.
在哥德式建筑中，独特的、成熟的技术结构决定了一种新的建筑风格的出现。这些技术是有尖顶拱的尖券、骨架券和飞扶壁。当哥特式风格应用到宗教建筑中时，很强调垂直感和纤细。这种外观是由某一建筑特色发展而来的，还需要有技术和工程施工方案的支撑。建筑的部分结构去掉了实体墙，而是变成了一系列的石柱、骨架券和飞扶壁。
A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires.
在二十世纪之前，哥特式大教堂或者修道院往往是城镇的地标性建筑，建筑的一个或者多个小尖塔或者高塔尖要高于国内其它建筑物。
万历王朝Plan
平面图
Most Gothic churches, unless they are entitled chapels, are of the Latin cross (or “拼音ie怎么读孝庄和多尔衮cruciform”) plan, with a long nave making the body of the church, a transver arm called the tranpt and, beyond it, an extension which may be called the choir, chancel or presbytery. There are veral regional variations on this plan.
大多数哥特式教堂，它们除了被称为小教堂，都是拉丁十字或十字平面之外，它们都有一个中厅，横向伸臂两端的空间叫做十字耳堂，延长突出的那一端，有可能是唱诗班区、高坛、或者是内殿。这几个部分在这个拉丁十子平面上不断变化。
The nave is generally flanked on either side by aisles, usually singly, but sometimes double. The nave is generally considerably taller than the aisles, having clerestory windows which light the central space. Gothic churches of the Germanic tradition, like St. Stephen of Vienna, often have nave and aisles of similar height. In the South of France there is often a single wide nave and no aisles, as at Sainte-Marie in Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges.
中殿通常是作为两边空间作为平面上交通的通道，一般设置一个，有时候设置两个。中殿
的层高一般要高于侧廊，在中殿顶部中间的位置设置有采光的天窗。德国的哥特式教堂，如圣史蒂芬维也纳，也有类似高度的中殿和侧廊。在法国，哥特式教堂通常仅仅有一个宽敞的中殿而没有侧廊，例如圣·贝特朗·德科曼的圣玛丽教堂。
In some churches with double aisles, like Notre Dame, Paris, the tranpt does not project beyond the aisles. In English cathedrals tranpts tend to project boldly and there may be two of them, as at Salisbury Cathedral, though this is not the ca with lesr churches.
在一些教堂中有两条侧廊，例如巴黎圣母院，它的十字耳堂在设计上没有超过侧廊。在英国，大教堂的十字耳堂设计趋于大胆彰显并且成双存在，例如索尔兹伯里大教堂，这种情况并非存在于少数的教堂。
The eastern arm shows considerable diversity. In England it is generally long and may have two distinct ctions, both choir and presbytery. It is often square ended or has a projecting Lady Chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of ch
apels called a “chevet”. While German churches are often similar to tho of France, in Italy, the eastern projection beyond the tranpt is usually just a shallow apsidal chapel containing the sanctuary, as at Florence Cathedral.
