如何避免飞机重着陆（How to avoid heavy landing）
The "hard landing" is a conventional idea in the aviation industry, means that the aircraft landing ground, feeling like a brick like "hit" onto the track, has obvious impact on the n of. The "hard landing" although not cau more casualties, but will cau airframe, landing gear and other structural damage. According to statistics, in the landing of unsafe events, "hard landing" accounted for 22%. During 1993-2002, 385 accidents happened in the world, due to the heavy landing, resulting in 2 aircraft destroyed, 47 aircraft, 11 aircraft damaged relatively minor damage. So, what is the landing? What is the reason that it produces? How to avoid it?
开心连连Determine the landing standard
According to the popular flying habits, the pilot will usually be divided into normal landing, landing and landing and hard landing. No clear boundaries and uniform standards of the categories, the pilot and the subjective judgments and personal feeling, experience and other relevant background.
In order to measure the landing load of "light" and "heavy", the aviation industry has introduced the concept of vertical acceleration, the measurement of special equipment installed on the aircraft, the value of quality to determine the landing by vertical acceleration measurement. Airbus Company and B
新宝会oeing were all relead the threshold value of vertical acceleration "".
The Airbus aircraft maintenance manual (AMM), when the flight crew reported heavy landing, and digital flight data recorder
付出和收获的经典语录(DFDR) or equivalent data monitor shows the vertical velocity to ground, more than 10 feet per cond or more than one model bad on the vertical acceleration and landing weight to a specific value, should be heavy landing check. For example, the Airbus A340-300, such as the weight of the aircraft is lower than the maximum landing weight, vertical acceleration threshold value is 1.75g.
The vertical acceleration threshold value of AMM from Boeing, Boeing 747 model 1.80g to the Boeing 737 models ranging from 2.20g. Experience shows that most of the crew members in dropped by more than about 4 feet per cond, the hard landing will feel.
China Continental Airlines, will usually ground vertical acceleration is greater than or equal to 1.70g as a record of events, greater than or equal to 1.80g and less than 2.00g as a general error is greater than or equal to 2.00g as a rious error. Of cour, it depends on such models.
At prent, usually u the following parameters to determine the landing: one is the vertical acceler
ation records of the center of gravity of the aircraft, the two is the record rate of decline (radio altimeter). At the landing ground, if the aircraft vertical velocity, shock strut compression caud by short time, vertical acceleration, ground load exceeds the prescribed limit value models, called "hard landing". At prent, the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 ries aircraft, most companies will be the vertical acceleration is greater than or equal to 2.00g for landing, landing.
Due to heavy landing
两个一百年目标
The reasons causing the heavy landing varied, generally, including the following:
老君山旅游攻略One is the bad weather. When the plane landed in the wind shear, high winds, heavy rain and other inclement weather, if the deviation of the pilot did not promptly corrected weather factors, prone to heavy landing. For example, the plane over the runway entrance, the wind suddenly reduced, and even become the wind, in the plane angle (lift coefficient) without time increas, the lift suddenly decreas, the aircraft will quickly lo the height, if the amendment is not timely, it may lead to heavy landing.
Two is the manipulation of technology. Becau the pilot did not grasp the correct landing technology, resulting in a short five aircraft condition is not stable, too early or too late to start pulling,
上学期
prematurely reduce thrust, ground bounce may be caud by improper disposal, heavy landing.
艾非Three is the different characteristics of the aircraft. The traditional aircraft received only one accelerator, namely deceleration. Modern aircraft to clo the throttle to the last position, not only to reduce thrust aircraft to further slow down, is to start rising after the ground spoiler, changing the configuration, destruction of lift (Airbus that,
The lift will be reduced by about 50%), allow the aircraft to slow down as soon as possible, in order to shorten landing distance. The Airbus A320 aircraft as an example, it is in clo to 50 feet, will automatically record the aircraft attitude,
if not with the pilot rod, through 30 feet, the aircraft attitude will automatically reduce to -2 degrees in 8 conds. If the pilot does not understand the operating rules, it is easy to cau the aircraft sinking fast, even heavy landing, as shown in figure 1.
The four is to look at the wrong ground method. The occurrence of heavy landing, many are not transferred out of sight of the pilot or too clo, don't judge (sight fixed) the height or rate of decline, low to high error. The plane had been grounded, and mistakenly thought that the height, feel the ground is very accidental, as shown in figure 2.
教师节简笔画Five is the visual error. The width and length of the runway pavement, different (cement and Li Qing), during the day and night scene visibility differences and different on the pilot's vision will be influenced, caud by pilot error of judgment, resulting in heavy landing.
How to avoid a hard landing
To avoid a hard landing, the general idea is to create conditions for the stability, approach, correct judgment of flight status and trend, in accordance with the standard operating procedures (SOP) according to the accurate operation, timely correction of approachinglanding deviation, unfavorable state decisive disposal of endangering flight safety. Monitor the operation of the establishment of operating experience (commonly known as "flying"), to grasp the technical barriers to monitor their own bottom line (the so-called "let go"), once touched the bottom line of their technology, to
immediately take control.
Specifically, from the following veral aspects to avoid heavy landing:
Is a stable approach. Stable approach is to avoid the premi and basis of landing operation, including:
1. stable cour tracking or landing cour: 1 points off channel or 5 degrees off cour.
2. the stability of the slide track or drop rate: 1 points under the slide deviation or decrea rate of 1000 feet per minute.
3. stable target speed: target speed +10kts = IAS is more than or equal to the target speed -5kts.
4. stable landing: fully established landing.
Stabilizer trim 5. stable: the relatively stable pitching position.
Engine power: more than 6. stable idle thrust.
In addition to the requirements of 1000 feet (IMC, i.e. instrument approach weather conditions and 500 feet (VMC), namely visual approach conditions) the stability requirements, should also pay particular attention to the relative stability of low altitude.
In 2009, civil aviation bureau in Hangzhou held a meeting
