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GRE阅读真题之OG整合
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GRE阅读真题之OG
好学力行 OG-1
Passage 15
午饭的英语
At a certain period in Earth’s history, its atmosphere contained almost no oxygen, although plants were producing vast quantities of oxygen. As a way of reconciling the two facts, scientists have hypothesized that nearly all of the oxygen being produced was taken up by iron on Earth’s surface. Clearly, however, this explanation is inadequate. New studies show that the amount of iron on Earth’s surface was not sufficient to absorb anywhere near as much oxygen as was being produced. Therefore, something in addition to the iron on Earth’s surface must have absorbed much of the oxygen produced by plant life.
1. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a claim made by the argument in support of a certain position; the cond is that position.
B. The first is a judgment made by the argument about a certain explanation; the cond is that explanation. 黑色电脑壁纸
C. The first express the argument’s dismissal of an objection to the position it eks to establish; the cond is that position.
D. The first sums up the argument’s position with regard to a certain hypothesis; the cond provides grounds for that position.
E. The first is a concession by the argument that its initial formulation of the position it eks to establish requires modification; the cond prents that position in a modified form.
GRE阅读真题之OG
OG-1
Passage 16
Animal signals, such as the complex songs of birds, tend to be costly. A bird, by singing, may forfeit time that could otherwi be spent on other important behaviors such as foraging or resting. Singing may also adverti an individual’s location to rivals or predators and impair the ability to detect their approach. Although the types of cost may be important, discussions of the cost of singing have generally focud on energy costs. Overall the evidence is equivocal: for instance, while Eberhardt found increas in energy consumption during singing for Carolina wrens, Chappell found no effect of crowing on energy consumption in roosters.
To obtain empirical data regarding the energy costs of singing, Thomas examined the relationship between song rate and overnight changes in body mass of male nightingales. Birds store energy as subcutaneous fat deposits or “body rerves”; changes in the rerves can be reliably estimated by measuring changes in body mass.
If singing has important energy costs, nightingales should lo more body mass on nights when their song rate is high. Thomas found that nightingales reached a significantly higher body mass at dusk and lost more mass overnight on nights when their song rate was high.
The results suggest that there may be veral costs of singing at night associated with body rerves. The incread metabolic cost of posssing higher body mass contributes to the incread overnight mass loss. The strategic regulation of evening body rerves is also likely to incur additional costs, as nightingales must spend more time foraging in order to build up larger body rerves. The metabolic cost of singing itlf may also contribute to incread loss of rerves. This metabolic cost may ari from the muscular and neural activity involved in singing or from behaviors associated with singing. For example, birds may expend more of their rerves on thermoregulation if they spend the night expod to the wind on a song post than if they are in a sheltered roost site. Thomas’s data therefore show that whether or not singing per has an important metabolic cost, metabolic costs associated with singing can have an important
measurable effect on a bird’s daily energy budget, at least in birds with high song rates such as nightingales.
8月4日 1. The primary purpo of the passage is to
A. compare the different types of cost involved for certain birds in singing
B. question a hypothesis regarding the energy costs of singing for certain birds
梦见剪头发是什么意思 C. prent evidence suggesting that singing has an important energy cost for certain birds
D. discuss the benefits provided to an organism by a behavior that is costly in energy
E. describe an experiment that supports an alternative model of how birdsong functions
For the following question, consider each of the choices parately and lect all that apply.
2. The passage implies that during the day before a night on which a male nightingale’s song rate is high, that nightingale probably does which of the following?
A. Expends less of its rerves on thermoregulation than on other days
B. Stores more energy as body rerves than on other days
C. Hides to avoid predators
3. Select the ntence in the first or cond paragraph that prents empirical results in support of a hypothesis about the energy costs of singing.
For the following question, consider each of the choices parately and lect all that apply.
名副其实是什么意思 4. It can be inferred from the passage that compared with other costs of singing, which of the following is true of the energy costs of singing?
A. They are the single greatest cost to an individual bird.
B. They have generally received more attention from scientists.
C. They vary less from one bird species to another.
GRE阅读真题之OG
OG-1
Passage 17
In the past ten years, there have been veral improvements in mountain-climbing equipment. The improvements have made the sport both safer and more enjoyable for experienced climbers. Despite the improvements, however, the rate of mountain-climbing injuries has doubled in the past ten years.
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