达芙涅
【导语】新概念英语作为⼀套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课⽂内容和全⾯的技能训练，深受⼴⼤英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。为了⽅便同学们的学习，⽆忧考为⼤家整理了⾯的新概念第四册课⽂翻译及学习笔记，希望为⼤家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!
Lesson31
【课⽂】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。
What do you have to be able to do to appreciate sculpture?
Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in three dimension. That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions. Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind. The child learning to e, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths. Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly three-dimensonal distances. But having
satisfied the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further. Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.
This is what the sculptor must do. He must strive continually to think of, and u, form in its full spatial completeness. He gets the solid shape, as it were, inside his head-he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclod in the hollow of his hand. He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itlf; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like, he identifies himlf with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume, as the space that the shape displaces in the air.
And the nsitive obrver of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence. He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape, quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird. And so with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone. From the he can go on to appreciate more complex forms or combinations of veral forms.
HENRY MOORE The Sculptor Speaks from The Listener
【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】
auditory adj. 听觉的
colour-blind adj. ⾊盲的
perception n. 知觉
comprehend v. 理解
spatial adj. 空间
visualize v. 使具形象，设想
reminiscence n. 回忆，联想
tadpole n. 蝌蚪
mushroom n. 蘑菇
carrot n. 胡萝⼘
bud n. 花蕾
lark n. 云雀
ladybird n. 瓢⾍
bulrush n. 芦苇
雨霖铃原文 【课⽂注释】
1.respond to 响应，对 … 起反应
例句：He resolved to respond to the call of the Party.
他决⼼响应党的号召。
The patient did not respond to treatment.
病⼈经治疗后未见起⾊。
2.form-blind, 这是作者仿照colour-blind⽣造的⼀个词，意指“形盲”。
3.distinguish vt. 区别，辨认，使显著
例句：Speeches distinguish human beings from animals.
⼈类和动物的区别在于⼈会说话。
She distinguished herlf by her coolness and bravery.
她因头脑冷静、敢作敢为⽽为⼈称道。
【词义辨析】
discern, discriminate, distinguish这些动词均有“区别、辨别”之意。
discern: 语义较笼统，着重精深与准确的观察⼒，不⼀定有能⼒辨别关系密切的各项事物。
discriminate: 语⽓强，指从⼗分相似的事物中辨出差异，尤其把好坏区分开来。
distinguish: 普通⽤词，指辨别者的能⼒或实际观察到的区别，强调辨别所需的技巧。
4.two-dimensional ⼆维的
5.comprehend vt. 充分理解，领悟，包括
例句：I cannot comprehend this phra.
我⽆法理解这个⽚语。
If you can u a word correctly and effectively you comprehend it.
眼睛的笔顺 你如果可以正确有效地使⽤⼀个词，你就是了解它了。
【词义辨析】
know, learn, comprehend, understand这些动词都含“懂、知道、明了”之意。
田园交响曲 know: 普通⽤词，多指通过学习、经验或他⼈传播⽽得到知识，含直接知道的意味。
learn: 通常指通过他⼈⽽获得消息或情况，侧重从不知到知的变化过程。
comprehend: 侧重熟悉了解的过程。
understand: 指对事物已有彻底的认识，不仅知其性质、含义和细节，⽽且了解其内外的关系。 understand, comprehend, appreciate, apprehend, grasp这些动词均有“理解”之意。
understand: ⼀般⽤词，很常⽤，指对事实或意义知道得很清楚。
comprehend: 较正式⽤词，指对较复杂的事物能透彻理解其意义。
appreciate: 欣赏，指对某事物或意义有正确的认识，对其价值的肯定。
apprehend: 指知道某事物或某观念的⼤概意义，但未能理解其内涵意义，暗含⼀知半解意味。 grasp: 从本义抓紧、抓住，引申作“理解、掌握”。专技十二级
6.in its full spatial existence 存在于空间的整个(形体)。
spatial adj. 空间的
例句：Fluctuations are spatial and temporal in character.
这种波动的特点是空间性和瞬时性的。
7.strive to 争取，追求
例句：Let us strive, I beech you,--let us strive to be cheerful. 让我们奋⽃吧，我求求你——让我们⽤奋⽃去寻找快乐吧。
桃花眼的女人
8.as it were 可以说是
例句：He is my best friend, my brother, as it were.失物招领范文
他是我的朋友，可以说是我的兄弟。
He is, as it were, a walking dictionary.
他可说是个活字典。
9.whatever its size, 这是⼀个省略了may be的让步状语从句。
10.visualize v. 使 … 看得见，形象化，设想
例句： I remember meeting him but I just can't visualize him. 我记得我见过他，可就是想不起他的样⼦了。
11.from all round itlf 从它的各个⾓度构想。
12.identify vt. 鉴定，识别，认明
例句：Can you identify your umbrella among this lot?
你能在这些伞中认出你⾃⼰的伞吗?
One can not identify happiness with wealth.
幸福和财富不能混为⼀谈。
【词义辨析】
identify, recognize, make out这些动词均含“认出、识别”之意。 identify: 指辨别、确定⼈的⾝份或物品的归属等。
recognize: 指所辨认的⼈或物多是以前所熟悉的。
make out: 通常指通过⼈的感觉器官来辨别事物。
【错句举例与错句分析】
错句：The police identified Mary.
订正：The police identified her as Mary.
翻译：警察认出她是玛丽。
创业方法 分析：identify指“识别，鉴别”时，与介词as连⽤。
13.centre of gravity 重⼼
14.reminiscence n. 回想，回忆，记忆⼒
例句：He has a pleasant reminiscence of his college life.
他对⼤学⽣活有着幸福的回忆。
15.apart from 缺少，除……以外，且不说
例句：It's a good piece of work, apart from a few slight faults.
除了⼀些⼩缺点之外，这不失为⼀件漂亮的⼯作。
【参考译⽂】
对雕塑的鉴赏⼒取决于对⽴体的反应能⼒。雕塑被说成是所有艺术中最难的艺术，可能就是这个道理。欣赏雕塑品当然⽐欣赏平⾯的艺术品要难。“形盲”的⼈数⽐“⾊盲”的⼈数要多得多。正在学看东西的⼉童起初只会分辨⼆维形态，不会判断距离和深度。慢慢地，由于⾃⾝安全和实际需要，⼉童必须
发展(部分通过触觉)粗略判断三维空间距离的能⼒。但是。⼤部分⼈在满⾜了实际需要后，就不再继续发展这种能⼒了。虽然他们对平⾯形式的感觉能达到相当准确的程度，但他们没有在智⼒和感情上进⼀步努⼒去理解存在于空间的整个形态。
⽽雕塑家就必须做到这⼀点。他必须勤于想像并且利⽤形体在空间中的完整性。可以说，当他想像⼀个物体时，不管其⼤⼩如何，他脑⼦⾥得到的是⼀个⽴体的概念，就好像完全握在⾃⼰⼿⼼⾥⼀样。他的⼤脑能从物体周围的各个⾓度勾画出其复杂的形象，他看物体的⼀边时，便知道另⼀边是个什么样⼦。他把⾃⾝和物体重⼼、质量、重量融为⼀体。他能意识到物体的体积，那就是它的形状在空⽓中所占的空间。
因此，敏锐的雕塑观赏者也必须学会把形体作为形体来感觉，不要靠描述和印象去想象。以鸟蛋为例。观赏者必须感觉到它是⼀个单⼀的实体形态，⽽完全不靠它的⾷⽤意义或它会变成鸟这样的⽂字概念来感觉。对于其他实体，如，贝壳、核桃、李⼦、梨⼦、蝌蚪、蘑菇、⼭峰、肾脏、胡萝⼘、树⼲、鸟⼉、花蕾、云雀、瓢⾍、芦苇以及⾻头也应这样来感觉。从这些形体出发，观赏者可进⼀步观察更为复杂的形体或若⼲形体的组合。
Lesson32
【课⽂】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。
What has modified out traditional view of Galileo in recent times?
In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the scientific dust has long since ttled, and today we can e even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective. But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.
The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated. He was, above all, a man who experimented: who despid the prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians, who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions fearlessly. He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and he had en their evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together. He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top, who rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall.
But a clor study of the evidence, supported by a deeper n of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo. Today, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged. At the same time our sympathy for Galileo's opponents has grown somewhat. His telescopic obrvations are justly immortal; they aroud great interest at the time, they had important theoretical conquences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus. But can we blame tho who looked and failed to e what Galileo saw, if we remember that to u a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument? Was the philosopher who refud to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than tho who alleged that the spiral nebulae obrved with Lord Ros's great telescope in the eighteen-forties were scratches left by the grinder? We can perhaps forgive tho who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth; and if a single curved glass would distort nature, how much more would a pair of them?
MICHAEL HOSKIN Galileo Reborn from The Listener
【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】
controversy n. 争议，争论
dust n. 纠纷，骚动
clash n. 冲突
Inquisition n. (罗马天主教的)宗教法庭
perspective n. 观点，看法
despi v. 蔑视
generalize v. 归纳
undercurrent n. 潜流
apparatus n.器官, 机构，仪器
theoretical adj. 理论上的
potentiality n. 潜能
intimate adj. 详尽的
familiarity n. 熟悉的
culpable adj. 应受遣责的
Aristotelian n. 亚⾥⼠多德学派的⼈
Aristotle n. 亚⾥⼠多德(公元前384-322，古希腊哲学家)
Ptolemy n. 托勒密(公元90-168，古希腊天⽂学家)
Leaning Tower of Pisa ⽐萨斜塔
spiral adj. 螺旋状的
nebula n. 星云
scratch n. 擦痕
contrivance n. 器械
distort v. 歪曲
【课⽂注释】
1.violent controversy 激烈论战
controversy n. 争议, (公开的)争论
例句：The remark touched off a heated controversy.
这句话引起了热烈的争论。
【词义辨析】
controversy, argument, conflict, debate, dispute, quarrel, strife 这组名词均有“争执、不和”之意。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起⼴泛兴趣或⾮常重要的问题的辨论。
argument: 指辩论双⽅均以事实或理由来说服对⽅的辨论。
conflict: 指双⽅坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗⽰分歧极为严重，有时⽤语⾔⽆法解决，只得诉诸武⼒。 debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个⼈或团体之间的辩论。
dispute: 普通⽤词，侧重指长时间，⾔词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
quarrel: 普通⽤词，既可指⾔词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的⾔词上的不和。
