生物学基本名词详细解释（中英文对照）希望的孩子
生物学基本名词详细解释（中英文对照）
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组织相容性Histocompatibility
字面上讲是指不同组织共存的能力；严格地讲是指所有移植蛋白的一致性，这是阻止移植和器官排斥的需要。组织相容性的分子基础是修饰几乎所有人类细胞表面的一套移植蛋白。这些蛋白是由位于6号染色体上的一段称为主要组织相溶性复合体基因，MHC编码的。这些蛋白高度多态。例如，它们在不同的人中显示差异。尽管很多人会有一些相同的MHC分子，极少数人有完全相同的MHC分子。微小的差别导致这些蛋白质被移植受体的免疫系统识别为外来的而进行破坏。对成功的移植来说这些蛋白质应该在供体和受体之间相匹配。双胞胎相配的几率最高，接下来是兄弟姐妹。在一般人群中只有10万分之一的比例是MHC匹配的，可以允许移植。
怎样腌萝卜干Literally, the ability of different tissues to “get along”; strictly, identity in all of the transplantat
ion proteins, which is a requirement for the prevention of graft or organ rejection. The molecular basis of histocompatibility is a t of transplantation proteins that decorate the surface of nearly all human cells. The proteins are encoded by genes that are grouped on a part of chromosome 6 called the major histocompatibility complex, or MHC. The proteins are highly “polymorphic” i.e., they show variation in different individuals. Although many in dividuals may share some identical MHC molecules, a very low number share all the MHC molecules. The conquence of the minor differences is that the proteins are recognized by the transplant recipient’s immune system as being foreign, and so are targe ted for destruction (since the immune system’s job is to eradicate any foreign proteins or cells that invade the body). For successful transplantation the proteins ideally should be matched between donor and recipient. Twins have the highest rate of matc h, followed by siblings. In the general population only 1 in 100,000 individuals is sufficiently “MHC matched” to another person to allow transplantation.
四川贡嘎山
X射线结晶学X-ray Crystallography
江苏省最低工资标准
阐述蛋白质、DNA或其它生物分子的原子水平的三维结构的技术。这种方法的运用是基于首先使纯化的生物分子结晶为有序排列然后用X射线分析结晶体。之所以使用X射线是因为其波长和原子裂解时的波长一样，所以晶体作为分子衍射光栅衍射X射线，产生一种可以获取并分析的衍射图形。然后用计算机重建初始结构。在实际操作中这一衍射图形被反复地不断升高的分辨率处理，结晶学家不断在建立一个模型结构并按该模型计算出的衍射图形与实际观察到的比较。每一次重复都使模型结构与实验结果更加吻合。当这两者之间的差异可以忽略时，这一衍射图形便得到求解。最终的模型提供了被研究分子平均时间上的三维原子水平结构。蛋白靶子的X射线结晶体结构可以识别蛋白质的功能袋。当与自然或人工配体混合时，可以作为药物设计的有用起始点。蛋白质X射线结构的目录也为蛋白质结构类型、自然状态下的折叠和域提供了有用信息。有时这被称为结构基因组学。
A technique that allows the elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of proteins, DNA, or other biomolecules at atomic-level resolution. This is achieved by first crystallizing the purified biomolecule into ordered arrays and then using X-ray diffraction to analyze the crystals. X-rays are ud becau they have the same wavelength as the atomic parations so the crystal acts as a molecular diffraction grating to diffract a beam
of X-rays, producing a diffraction pattern that can be captured and analyzed. A computer is then ud to reconstruct the original structure. In practice the diffraction pattern is iteratively solved at ever-increasing “shells” of resolution; the crystallographer alternates between building a model structure (working in “real” space) and comparing the model’s calculated diffraction pattern with the
obrved diffraction pattern (working in “reciprocal” space). Each round of iteration brings the model structure into better agreement with the experimental data; when the difference between the two is negligible the diffraction pattern is said to be “solved.” The final model provides a time-averaged three-dimensional atomic-resolution structure of the molecule under study. The X-ray crystal structure of a protein target can identify the functional pockets of the protein and, when complexed with a natural or synthetic ligand, can rve as a uful starting point for rational drug design. X-ray structures of catalogs of proteins have also provided uful information on the types of protein structures, folds and domains found in nature; this is sometimes termed structural genomics.大学的英文
药效基因Pharmacophore
一个药物分子经过物理或电场作用形成三维功能结构从而引起分子的药理活动。一般而言，药效基因是指原子和功能基团的结合，使得药物以特定方式与靶蛋白作用并显示药物活性。人们已经发展了很多研究药物先导物和其针对特定靶子的可测量活性的方法，使得研究者能够从一系列结构活性关系中得到其药效基因。这些方法中最成熟的是用复杂的统计计算机模型和三维数据库查询，识别和设计具有相近或相同药效基因的复合物或整个文库。药效基因的识别不仅在药物识别和设计中有用，而且对先导物优化药效减少毒性也大有用途。这是因为一旦知道药效基因，药物化学家就可以修饰它，在保持药效的基础上减少毒性。
The three-dimensional “functional shape” formed by the steric (physical) and electric fields of a drug molecule that cau the molecule’s pharmacological activity. Typically, pharmacophore refers to the combination of atoms and functional groups (together with their three-dimensional positions), that together allow a drug to interact with its target protein in a specific manner and exhibit its pharmacological activity. Numerous approaches for studying drug leads and their measurable activity against a particular target have been developed, allowing one to infer the pharmacophore from a ries of th
e structure-activity relationships. The most sophisticated of the approaches u sophisticated statistical computer modeling and three-dimensional databa arching to identify and design compounds or entire libraries with similar or identical pharmacophores. Identification of a pharmacophore is uful not only in drug identification and design studies, but also in lead optimization (e leads) for potency and reduction of toxicity. This is becau once a pharmacophore is known, medicinal chemists can modify it to reduce toxicity while maintaining (or enhancing) potency.
word文档下划线怎么打
异种移植Xenograft
将一个物种的组织移植到另一个物种体内，例如，从猪到人。和同种移植不同的是，异种之间存在很大差异，从而使得这种移植成功的可能性很小。负责组织排斥的免役系统将很容易地识别出外来组织并强烈排斥它。既然动物可以为移植提供无尽的来源，异种移植一直是人们梦寐以求的事。猪虽然看上去和人有着很大的差异，却有着相似的器官结构，因而成为该领域内研究的焦点；猴子是另一类有吸引力的种群。
看见柴静A tissue transplant from one species to another, e.g. from pig to human. Becau of the g
reater differences between species, as oppod to within a species, the transplants have the least chance of working. The immune system, which is responsible for tissue rejection, will easily recognize the tissue as foreign and will reject it vigorously. Thus xenograft, or xenotransplantation is a sort of holy grail for transplantation, since animals would provide an endless supply of organs for transplantation. Pigs, although emingly very different from humans, have similar organ organization and so remain a focus for rearch in this area; monkeys are another attractive group.传统文化手抄报
