Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 12 (2018) 447-453
doi: 10.17265/1934-7359/2018.06.005
Experimental Study on Determining the Optimum Cigarette Butt Content of Modified Bituminous Mixture of Cigarette Butts
Yi CUI, Zhao-rong WU, Yali LI and Hang YANG
Department of Transportation Engineering, Tongji Zhejiang College, Jiaxing 314051, China
Abstract: China ranks first in the world as the number of smokers. The environmental pollution and recycling problems of waste cigarette butts are becoming more and more rious. How to make better reu of waste cigarette butts has been taken action by some countries and regions in the world. In order to study the utilization value of the cigarette butt in road performance, this test takes No.
70 matrix bitumen and waste tobacco as raw material. The optimum amount of the content of the cigarette butt in the experiment is further determined bad on the test performance of the modified asphalt mixture and the modified bitumen mixture is prepared by the addition method. The performance indexes of modified bituminous mixture with different dosages were tested and studied. C
ombined with production and economic realities, the optimum cigarette butt content of modified asphalt mixture is determined to make the road performance optimal. This paper focus on the determination of the best bituminous content of the bituminous mixture. Through the toxicity test of the leachate published abroad to reflect the pollution of the cigarette butt to the environment and analyze the harm to the environment, combined with the development of global reusing technology and the economic benefits brought by cigarette butts, the prospect of the utilization of waste cigarette butts is forecasted.
Key words: Pavement performance, optimal dosage with cigarette butts, contrast test, economic performance.
1. Overview
According to the World Tobacco Development Report 2016[1], there were about 60 million boxes of cigarette sales in the world in 2016. It is estimated that around 5 trillion and 600 billion cigarette butts are produced every year, and cigarette butts have become the largest number of solid wastes in the world. It is difficult to be degrade organic substances in cigarette butts, such as arnic, chromium, nickel, cadmium and other heavy metals can be decompod naturally in underground for many yea
rs. The harm of the harmful substances to the soil and water resources is lf-evident, and the pollution to the water body is the most rious. The toxicity test of filtrate leachate has also been published abroad. The leachate can be classified into three types: (1) unud filters; (2)
予取予求Corresponding author: WU Zhao-rong, lecturer; rearch field: pavement materials. smokeless cigarette butts; (3) cigarette butts with residual cigarettes; their leachate bio toxicity tests with LC50 [2] and EC50 [3], are to asss the indicators to determine its toxicity. The conclusions indicate that the leachate contains certain toxicity, and the leachate with the cigarette butt residue is the most toxic, and the environment is the most such material. The experimental results are shown in Table 1.
A company called “Tera cycle” in New Jery, USA produces wood plastic composite flooring and plastic transport pallets. The cigarette butts are mixed with other materials that need to be recycled to make railway sleepers, Frisbee, ashtrays, and playgrounds for community parks. In Australia, it is ud to pave the road, to make clay bricks with a cigarette butt, and to make paper in Brazil, and to make nail polish from the Jiangxi University of Science and Technology’s cigarette butts. The examples fully show that cigarette butts have great reutilization value.
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Experimental Study on Determining the Optimum Cigarette Butt Content of
Modified Bituminous Mixture of Cigarette Butts
448
Table 1 Cigarette leachate toxicity test.
丧假怎么请Tested species
Concentration (single cigarette butt /L)
Test type Unud filters Smokeless cigarette butts Smoke cigarette
Silver fish 4.6-15.7 1.5-2.0 0.95-1.3 LC50 Pimephales promelas 11.4-15.9 3.7-5.1 0.84-1.1 LC50 Water flea 1.4-2.06 0.09-0.27 0.05-0.08 EC50
什么是老板Marine bacteria > 970 1.21-1.33 0.53-0.63 EC50
Since twenty-first Century, the improvement of the ecological environment has become the key work of building an environment-friendly society in China. Good ecological environment is of great significance for improving the quality of people’s life and promoting the sustainable development of social economy. But at prent, there are still many problems
in China’s ecological environment. How to do garbage sorting and recycling has become an urgent task in today’s social development. The policies on “Recycling and Management of Renewable Resources” and “Implementation Plan for the Classification System of Domestic Garbage” have also provided policy support for the recovery and reu of the tobacco.
2. Determine the Optimum Cigarette Butt Content of Bituminous Modified Asphalt Mixture河水简笔画
2.1 Bitumen and Cigarette Butts
Through data arch and technical analysis, this test lects No. 70 bitumen (the best asphalt content is 4.8% by the previous test, so the asphalt content of the asphalt mixture in this paper is 4.8%). And then it was dried and cut into a large gment of tobacco (3-5 times per root, about 0.6 mm, and then dried in an oven at 105 degrees). The bituminous modified asphalt mixture was prepared by external mixing method.
2.2 Test Content
The preparation of the bituminous bitumen mixture is divided into the internal mixing method and the addition method. This experiment us the addition method to cut the cigarette butt into the same size, and directly mix the cut tobacco into the ordinary asphalt mixture. It has been proved by previous studies that the road performance of the bituminous mixture has a great relationship with the content of the cigarette butt, so the optimum amount of the bituminous bitumen mixture is determined by the principle of optimal road performance.
2.3 Test Method
In this study, Marshall test, Rut test and other results were taken as evaluation indicators. The test standards involved in this study are in accordance with the “Test Code for Asphalt and Asphalt Mixture in Highway Engineering”(JTG E20-2011).
2.4 Analysis of Experimental Results
The initial test plan was to produce cigarette Bituminous Mixture Specimens with 1%, 3% and 5% cigarette butts. 3% and 5% specimens were not formed. After that, a sample of 2.5% content was pr
oduced. Therefore, the final test scheme was made for the content of 1%, 1.5% and 2% of the cigarette, and then producing 5 samples of the mixture weigh 1,200 g, 1,213 g and 1,215 g, respectively, which would be lected and placed for 12 hours with the high level of modified asphalt mixture.长大后我想成为你
2.4.1 Analysis of Damage Strength of Pavement
In this study, the stability of the bituminous mixture (the maximum failure load) can be ud to evaluate the failure strength of the pavement. The stability contrast of different tobacco content is shown in Fig. 1. The experimental results of five groups of samples with different cigarette butts content were taken
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Experimental Study on Determining the Optimum Cigarette Butt Content of
Modified Bituminous Mixture of Cigarette Butts
449
respectively and the comparison was shown in Fig. 2. From Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, it is known that with the increa of the content of the cigarette, the stability of the mixture increas gradually, indicating that the strength of the pavement is improved and the content of the cigarette is 2%. As can be en from Fig. 2, the asphalt mixture with 2% bituminous content incread by 12.4% compared with the stability of 1.5%, so the stability of the bitumen mixture was the highest when the content of the cigarette butt was 2%.
2.4.2 Analysis of Deformation Resistance of Pavement The anti-deformation ability of the bituminous mixture is evaluated by the flow value of the cigarette bituminous mixture (the maximum vertical deformation of the load) is achieved. The flow value comparison diagram for different content of cigarette butts is shown in Fig.
3. The experimental results of five groups of samples with different cigarette butts content were taken respectively and the comparison was shown in Fig.
4.
Fig. 1 A contrast diagram of the stability of a cigarette with different contents.
Fig. 2 The mean contrast diagram of the content stability of different cigarette butts. All Rights Rerved.
Experimental Study on Determining the Optimum Cigarette Butt Content of
Modified Bituminous Mixture of Cigarette Butts
450
Fig. 3 shows that with the increa of the content of the cigarette, the flow value of the mixture decreas gradually, indicating that the anti-deformation ability of the pavement is improved. The flow value of the asphalt mixture with 1.5% bituminous content is lower than 1% and 2% of the flow value from Fig. 4, so the anti-deformation ability of the bituminous mixture is the best when the content of the cigarette butt is 1.5%.
2.4.3 Analysis of High Temperature Resistance of Pavement
The dynamic stability of the bituminous bitumen mixture is ud to evaluate the high temperature performance of the pavement. The experimental results of five groups of samples with different cigarette butts content were taken respectively and the comparison was shown in Fig. 5. The contras
t map of bituminous mixture and matrix asphalt mixture with 2% cigarette butts is shown in Fig. 6.
Fig.5 shows that with the increa of the content of the cigarette, the dynamic stability of the mixture increas gradually, indicating that the high temperature resistance of the pavement is improved, and the dynamic stability of the asphalt mixture with the content of 2% is the highest. As shown in Fig. 6, the mixture of 2%bituminous mixture increas the
Fig. 3 A comparison diagram of the flow value of a cigarette with different contents.
Fig. 4 The mean contrast diagram of the flow values of different cigarette butts.
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Experimental Study on Determining the Optimum Cigarette Butt Content of
Modified Bituminous Mixture of Cigarette Butts
451
dynamic stability of asphalt mixture by 12.2%, indicating that the high temperature
performance is better than that of the ordinary asphalt
pavement.
2.5 Test Result
Through the above tests of the road performance of
bituminous modified asphalt, we can draw the following conclusions: (1) When the cigarette content is 2%, the stability and dynamic stability index of cigarette bituminous mixture are the best. At
this time, the failure strength and high temperature
resistance of the asphalt pavement are the best. (2)
The anti-deformation ability of the bituminous mixture is the best when the content of the bituminous
mixture is 1.5%, and on this basis, the increa of the content of the cigarette butt (the content of the cigarette butt is not more than 2%) can increa the strength and the high temperature resistance of the
bituminous mixture. (3) Compared with ordinary matrix bitumen, the bituminous bitumen mixture of the bituminous mixture is significantly improved in the high temperature resistance, so it can be ud in the tropical area with the highest temperature in the
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perennial and the lowest temperature. Considering the properties of cigarette bituminous mixture, it is recommended to u 2% bituminous mixture with cigarette butts.
Fig. 5 A contrast diagram of the dynamic stability of a cigarette with different contents.
Fig. 6 Comparison diagram of bitumen and matrix bitumen. All Rights Rerved.
