大学四级-930
(总分711,考试时间90分钟)
Part Ⅰ Writing
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Pressure. You should write at least 120 words and you should ba **position on the outline.
1. 现代社会里充满了竞争与压力。
2. 然而，有时压力并非坏事。
3. 当然，过多的压力有害于我们的健康。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
扬州科技馆Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.
孔子父母 For questions 1 - 7, mark
Y(for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
钝角三角形 N(for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For questions 8 - 10, complete the ntences with the information given in the passage.
Why the workforce is important
Picture of the global workforce
Bad on new analys of national census, labour surveys and statistical sources, WHO estimates there to be a total of 59.2 million full - time paid health workers worldwide. The workers are in health enterpris who primary role is to improve health (such as health programmes operated by government or nongovernmental organiz
ations ) plus additional health workers in non - health organizations (such as nurs staffing a company or school clinic). Health rvice providers constitute about two thirds of the global health workforce, while the remaining third is compod of health management and support workers.
Workers are not just individuals but are integral parts of functioning health teams in which each member contributes different skills and performs different functions. Countries demonstrate enormous diversity in the skill mix of health teams. The ratio of nurs to doctors ranges from nearly 8:1 in the African Region to 1.5:1 in the Western Pacific Region. Among countries, there are approximately four nurs per doctor in Canada and the United States of America, while Chile, Peru, El Salvador and Mexico have fewer than one nur per doctor. The spectrum of esntial **petencies is characterized by imbalances as en, for example, in the dire(可怕的) shortage of public health specialists and health care managers in many countries. Typically, more than 70% of doctors are male while more than 70% of nurs are female a marked gender imbalance. About two thirds of the workers are in the public ctor and one third in the private ctor.巨人的肩膀
abcd的成语
Driving forces: past and future新手怎么转笔
Workers in health systems around the world are experiencing increasing stress and incurity as they react to a complex array of forces some old, some new. Demographic (人口统计学的)and epidemiolagical transitions drive changes in population-bad health threats to which the workforce must respond. Financing policies, technological advances and consumer expectations can dramatically shift demands on the workforce in health systems. Workers ek opportunities and job curity in dynamic health labour markets that are part of the global political economy.
The spreading HIV/AIDS epidemic impos huge work burdens, risks and threats. In many countries, health ctor reform under structural adjustment capped public ctor employment and limited investment in health worker education, thus drying up the supply of young graduates. Expanding labour markets have intensified professional concentration in urban areas and accelerated international migration from the poorest to the wealthiest countries. The conquent workforce crisis in many of the poorest countrie
s is characterized by vere shortages, inappropriate skill mixes, and gaps in rvice coverage.
WHO has identified a threshold in workforce density below which high coverage of esntial interventions, including tho necessary to meet the health - related Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs), is very unlikely. Bad on the estimates, there are currently 57 countries with critical shortages equivalent to a global deficit of 2.4 million doctors, nurs and midwives. The proportional shortfalls axe greatest in sub - Sabaran Africa, although numerical deficits are very large in South -East Asia becan of its population size. Paradoxically, the insufficiencies often coexist in a country with large numbers of unemployed health professionals. Poverty, imperfect private labour markets, lack of public funds, bureaucratic red tape and political interference produce this paradox of shortages in the midst of underutilized talent.
大补的食物有哪些 Skill mix and distributional **pound today's problems. In many countries, the skills of limited yet expensive professionals are not well matched to the local profile of health nee
合唱社团活动计划ds. Critical skills in public health and health policy and management are often in deficit. Many workers face daunting working environments poverty - level wages, unsupportive management, insufficient social recognition, and weak career development. Almost all countries suffer from maldistribution characterized by urban concentration and rural deficits, but the imbalances are perhaps most disturbing from a regional perspective. The WHO Region of the Americas, with 10% of the global burden of dia, has 37% of the world's health workers spending more than 50% of the world's health financing, whereas the African Region has 24% of the burden but only 3% of health **manding less than 1% of world health expenditure. The exodus of skilled professionals in the midst of so much unmet health need places Africa at the epicentre of the global health workforce crisis.
