托福TPO9阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3
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托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO9阅读真题(文本+答案+翻译)：Part3，望喜欢！
托福TPO9阅读文本：Part3
The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii
酒的味道When the Hawaiian Islands emerged from the a as volcanoes, starting about five million years ago, they were far removed from other landmass. Then, as blazing sunshine alternated with drenching rains, the harsh, barren surfaces of the black rocks slowly began to soften. Winds brought a variety of life-forms.
Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of the spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. The are no放下就是快乐
t single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing the on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on the islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the clo cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.
Lichens helped to speed the decomposition of the hard rock surfaces, preparing a soft bed of soil that was abundantly supplied with minerals that had been carried in the molten rock from the bowels of Earth. Now, other forms of life could take hold: ferns and moss (two of the most ancient types of land plants) that flourish even in rock crevices. The plants propagate by producing spores-tiny fertilized cells that contain all the instructions for making a new plant-but the spore are unprotected by any outer coating and carry no supply of nutrient. Vast numbers of them fall on the ground beneath the mother plants. Sometimes they are carried farther afield by water or by wind. But only tho few spores t
hat ttle down in very favorable locations can start new life; the vast majority fall on barren ground. By force of sheer numbers, however, the moss and ferns reached Hawaii, survived, and multiplied. Some species developed great size, becoming tree ferns that even now grow in the Hawaiian forests.
表示颜色的词语abbMany millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Islands were born from the a), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the ed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention. The ed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant, and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the ed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over tho of the naked spore. One type of ed-bearing plant, the angiosperm, includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the eds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of the coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting, like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperms the eds are equipped with gossamer wings, like the dandelion and milkweed eds. The new characteristics offered better ways for the ed to move to new habitats. They could trave
l through the air, float in water, and lie dormant for many months.
Plants with large, buoyant eds-like coconuts-drift on ocean currents and are washed up on the shores. Remarkably resistant to the vicissitudes of ocean travel, they can survive prolonged immersion in saltwater when they come to rest on warm beaches and the conditions are favorable, the ed coats soften. Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients, the young plants push out their roots and establish their place in the sun.
By means of the eds, plants spread more widely to new locations, even to isolated islands like the Hawaiian archipelago, which lies more than 2,000 miles west of California and 3,500 miles east of Japan. The eds of grass, flowers, and blooming trees made the long trips to the islands. (Grass are simple forms of angiosperms that bear their encapsulated eds on long stalks.) In a surprisingly short time, angiosperms filled many of the land areas on Hawaii that had been bare.
Paragraph 2: Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few
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of the spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. The are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic combination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the sun's energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing the on in waste products that nourish algae.It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on the islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the clo cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.
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