plusTPO36 Passage 1阅读文章和题目
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Habitats and chipmunk species
♦There are eight chipmunk species in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, and most of them look pretty much alike. But eight different species of chipmunks scurrying around a picnic area will not be found. Nowhere in the Sierra do all eight species occur together. Each species tends strongly to occupy a specific habitat type, within an elevational range, and the overlap among them is minimal.
♦The eight chipmunk species of the Sierra Nevada reprent but a few of the 15 species found in western North America, yet the whole of eastern North America makes do with but one species: the Eastern chipmunk. Why are there so many very similar chipmunks in the West? The prence of tall mountains intersperd with vast areas of arid dert and grassland makes the West ecologically far different from the East. The West affords much more opportunity for chipmunk populations to become geographically isolated from one another, a condition of species formation. Also, there are more extremes in western habitats. In the Sierra Nevada, high elevations are clo to low elevations, at least
in terms of mileage, but ecologically they are very different.
♦Most ecologists believe that ancient populations of chipmunks diverged genetically when isolated from one another by mountains and unfavorable ecological habitat. The 地址：北京市海淀区海淀北二街8号中关村SOHO A区2层
scattered populations first evolved into races—adapted to the local ecological conditions—and then into species, reproductively isolated from one another. This period of evolution was relatively recent, as evidenced by the similar appearance of all the western chipmunk species.
Ecologists have studied the four chipmunk species that occur on the eastern slope of the Sierra and have learned just how the species interact while remaining parate, each occupying its own elevational zone. The sagebrush chipmunk is found at the lowest elevation, among the sagebrush. The yellow pine chipmunk is common in low to mid-elevations and open conifer forests, including pinon and ponderosa and Jeffrey pine forests. The lodgepole chipmunk is found at higher elevations, among the lodgepoles, firs, and high-elevation pines. The alpine chipmunk is higher still, venturing among the talus slopes, alpine meadows, and high-elevation pines and junipers.■Obviously, the ranges of each species overlap. ■Why don't sagebrush chipmunks move into the pine zones? ■Why
don't alpine chipmunks move to lower elevations and share the conifer forests with lodgepole chipmunks? ■
♦The answer, in one word, is aggression. Chipmunk species actively defend their ecological zones from encroachment by neighboring species. The yellow pine chipmunk is more aggressive than the sagebrush chipmunk, possibly becau it is a bit larger. It successfully bullies its smaller evolutionary cousin, excluding it from the pine forests. Experiments have 地址：北京市海淀区海淀北二街8号中关村SOHO A区2层
shown that the sagebrush chipmunk is physiologically able to live anywhere in the Sierra Nevada, from high alpine zones to the dert. The little creature is apparently restricted to the dert not becau it is specialized to live only there but becau that is the only habitat where none of the other chipmunk species can live. The fact that sagebrush chipmunks tolerate very warm temperatures makes them, and only them, able to live where they do. The sagebrush chipmunk esntially occupies its habitat by default. In one study, ecologists established that yellow pine chipmunks actively exclude sagebrush chipmunks from pine forests; the ecologists simply trapped all the yellow pine chipmunks in a ction of forest and moved them out. Sagebrush chipmunks immediately moved in, but yellow pine chipmunks did not enter sagebrush dert when sagebrush c
hipmunks were removed.
♦The most aggressive of the four eastern-slope species is the lodgepole chipmunk, a feisty rodent indeed. It actively prevents alpine chipmunks from moving downslope, and yellow pine chipmunks from moving upslope. There is logic behind the lodge- pole's aggressive demeanor. It lives in the cool, shaded conifer forests, and of the four species, it is the least able to tolerate heat stress. It is, in other words, the species of the strictest habitat needs: it simply must be in tho shaded forests. However, if it shared its habitat with alpine and yellow pine chipmunks, either or both of the species might outcompete it, taking most of the available food. Such a competition could effectively eliminate lodgepole chipmunks from the habitat. Lodgepoles survive only by virtue of their aggression.
地址：北京市海淀区海淀北二街8号中关村SOHO A区2层
1. Why does the author mention a "picnic area" in paragraph 1?
0 T o identify a site where a variety of different species of chipmunks can be en
0 T o support the point that each species of chipmunk inhabits a distinct location
0 T o emphasize the idea that all species of chipmunks have a similar appearance
二年级下册日记0 T o provide an example of a location to which chipmunks are likely to scurry for food
胖字开头的成语2. The phra "intersperd with" in the passage is clost in meaning to O distributed among
O covered by我就是这个样子
O positioned above
O evolved from
3. In paragraph 2, the author indicates that a large variety of chipmunk species exist in western North America becau of
O a large migration of chipmunks from eastern North America in an earlier period.
O the inability of chipmunks to adapt to the high mountainous regions of eastern North America.
O the ecological variety and extremes of the West that caud chipmunks to become geographically isolated.
O the abnce of large human populations that discouraged species formation among chipmunks in the East.
鞍前马后造句地址：北京市海淀区海淀北二街8号中关村SOHO A区2层
4.The word "diverged" in the passage is clost in meaning to
O declined
O competed二手烟对孩子的危害
O progresd
O parated
5. The phra "one another" in the passage refers to
O populations
黑糖功效O races
O ecological conditions
O species
6. Which of the ntences below best express the esntial information in the highlighted ntence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out esntial information.
O Ecologists studied how the geographic characteristics of the eastern slope of th e Sierra influenced the social development of chipmunks.
国家安全教育日O Ecologists learned exactly how chipmunk species parated from each other on the eastern slope of the Sierra relate to one another.
Ecologists discovered that chipmunks of the eastern slope of the
地址：北京市海淀区海淀北二街8号中关村SOHO A区2层
