浅析希腊神话的特点当医生
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苏倩于 2009-3-15 发表在杂文
相信每个人都有过迷恋童话、寓言及神话故事的时候。很多人会在童年选择《安徒生童话》、《伊索寓言》或者《希腊神话故事》等等。随着年龄的增长，岁月的流逝，人们逐渐会淡忘掉这些陪伴我们度过童年一个又一个美好的午后或者傍晚的故事，转而喜欢一些符合身份及年龄特征的读物。是否这些逐年积淀尘埃的故事对我们已经没有启示与帮助，留给我们的只是幼稚单纯的童年回忆？我相信不是。任何一部经典都有其成为经典的理由。经典之作不仅会持久不衰，影响一代又一代人，而且这种影响还会延续到人的一生。我想《希腊神话故事》就是这样的经典。
重温这部儿时最常看的书，没有了单纯的崇拜与强烈的爱憎分明，天神之父宙斯曾经在我幼小的心灵里是何其伟大，我那么地喜欢智慧女神雅典娜，却那么地憎恨赫拉的嫉妒之心。今日重读，只觉童年的心纯净得像一块没有任何瑕疵的玉。虽然几乎是平静如水地读完这本书，
但我依然深深地喜欢希腊神话故事的优美动人。下面，我浅谈希腊神话故事的几个特点：
一，原始、野蛮、未开化。希腊民族在原始公社和氏族社会就已经有了一套丰富而完整的神话。由于希腊神话起源很早，所以在希腊神话故事中往往会带一种原始、野蛮、未开化的气息。比如在《宙斯的故事》中，大地神该亚与自己的儿子交合生出众多巨神，克洛詻斯的妻子是他的姐姐瑞亚，宙斯的女儿珀耳塞福涅嫁给宙斯的兄弟哈得斯等等，如果用现代人的道德观念进行评判，这些都是乱伦之举。又如他们之间发生争执，一般会采用比赛的方式解决。我们自然不能以现代的社会标准与伦理去衡量评判它。我们由此正可以看出古希腊人民丰富天真的想象。
二，人本主义与命运观念并存。在希腊神话故事中，人冒犯了神，就会受到一定的惩罚，得到不好的下场。但是并不是完全否认人的能力，神不是完全不可侵犯的。人可以和神相恋。这就强调了人本主义。由于当时生产力低下，人们的生产生活必然会受到自然力量的制约。可是他们又无法用现有的知识来解释无法改变的情况。所以神话中也有一种强烈的宿命感，一个人的命运如果被注定，即使有神的帮助，依然无法摆脱命运的束缚。如《音乐家俄耳甫斯的故事》中，俄耳甫斯的妻子欧律狄刻在婚礼上被毒蛇咬了脚，中毒而死。即使得到了冥后的帮助，最终他也救不了他的妻子。
三，神人同形同性。在《宙斯的故事》中讲过希腊神话中的神最初都是由该亚和乌剌诺斯所生。在《普罗米修斯》中说普罗米修斯用泥土和河水按照天神的形象创造了人。所以在古希腊神话中的神和人是同形的。人可以拥有神力。神和人结合所生的孩子身上会带上一些超乎寻常的神力。如宙斯与凡人女子迈亚所生的儿子赫耳墨斯，出生后几个钟头就可以四处行走。还偷了阿波罗的牛群。神亦有人的性格，有善良、正直、伟大的一面，也有妒忌、报复、残忍的一面。如我们所熟知的多情的宙斯，嫉妒成性的赫拉等等。
四，构建了一个多神系统。希腊人民以丰富、新奇的想象创造出了以宙斯为首的俄林波斯山众神，一般认为有十二主神。主要是天神宙斯，婚姻与生育女神赫拉，智慧女神雅典娜，光明、青春和音乐之神阿波罗、月神阿尔忒弥斯等等。它跟中国神话不同，中国神话中的神比较单一，如女娲补天，盘古开天辟地都只有单调的一个神或几个神。
五，赞扬乐观、积极进取的精神。希腊人民通过创造神来表达自己的理想和愿望，展现自己民族积极进取的精神风貌。如《卡德摩斯和忒拜城的建立》中讲述了腓尼基王子卡德摩斯通过自己的努力制服了毒龙，在雅典娜的帮助下建立了自己的城市忒拜，就是赞扬了希腊人民乐观向上、积极进取的民族精神。
南洞艺谷
蝶耳犬
六，深刻的哲理意味。古希腊神话中西绪福斯惹怒了终神，必须将一块巨大的石头推到地府一座极高的山顶。但是他刚刚到达山顶，石头又滚下山去。他不得不重新开始他痛苦的劳役，日复一日，年复一年，永远不得休息。我以为这意味着对一种看不见的终极目标的追求。就好像老子在他的哲学思想中对“道”这种说不清道不明的东西的追求。中国神话中有 “夸父逐日”、“愚公移山”，夸父追逐的是太阳，愚公要移走的是大山，都是实体，可以看得见摸得着。虽然这也是一种目标的追求，但与希腊神话对一种终极目标追求则是不一样的。
希腊神话故事是古希腊人民在努力从事生产生活活动过程中所创造的灿烂文化，是极具价值的文化遗产。希腊神话故事是古希腊人民生活与人生的折射，它反映了古希腊人民对自然和英雄人物的崇拜与理想化，以及他们为了生存与自然所进行的顽强斗争。它以自己动人的故事与丰富的思想内涵吸引并鼓舞着一代又一代读者，在为读者打开一扇故事大门的同时，也为他们开启了一方心灵的小窗。在领略其跌宕起伏的情节时，体会其思想内容的深邃，想象古希腊人民传奇般的生活，亦是一件特别浪漫与美好的事情。所以，我认为希腊神话故事的影响并不仅仅属于我们的童年，还延续到今天甚至我们以后的人生。不同的年龄阶段品读希腊神话故事，就必然会有不一样的见解与感悟。因为人生复杂的经历会赋
永远讲不完的故事予希腊神话故事更多丰富的内涵。常常翻翻这些神话故事，给自己一些空间，去感受与现实生活不一样的精神境界，灵感的激发，思维的碰撞，每一个细微之处都会让你惊喜不已。
Notes of a Native Son 展望未来英语
By James Baldwin
The year which preceded my father's death had made a great change in my life. I had been living in New Jery, working in defen plants, working and living among southerners, white and black. I knew about the south, of cour, and about how southerners treated Negroes and how they expected them to behave, but it had never entered my mind that anyone would look at me and expect me to behave that way. I learned in New Jery that to be a Negro meant, precily, that one was never looked at but was simply at the mercy of the reflexes the color of one's skin caud in other people. I acted in New Jery as I had always acted, that is as though I thought a great deal of mylf----I had to act that way----with results that were, simply, unbelievable. I had scarcely arrived before I had earned the enmity, which was extraordinarily ingenious, of all my superiors and nearly all my co-workers. In the beginning, to make matters wor, I simply did not know what was happening. I did not know what I had done, and I shortly began to wonder what anyone could possibly do, to bring about such unanimous, active, and unbearably vocal hostility. I knew about jim-crow but I had never experienced it. I went to the same lf-rvice restaurant three times and stood with all the Princeton boys before the counter, waiting for a hamburger and coffee; it was always an extraordinarily long time before anything was t before me; but it was not until the fourth visit that I learned that, in fact, nothing had ever been t before me: I had simply picked something up. Negroes were not rved here, I was told, and they had been waiting for me to realize that I was the only Negro prent. Once I was told this, I determined to go there all the time. But now they were ready for me and, though some dreadful scenes were subquently enacted in that restaurant, I never ate there again.
舒筋草的功效与作用
It was the same story all over New Jery, in bars, bowling alleys, diners, places to live. I was always being forced to leave, silently, or with mutual imprecations. I very shortly became notorious and children giggled behind me when I pasd and their elders whispered or shouted----they really believed that I was mad. And it did begin to work on my mind, of cour; I began to be afraid to go anywhere and to compensate for this I went places to which I really should not have gone and where, God knows, I had no desire to be. My reputation in town naturally enhanced my reputation at work and my working day became one long ries of acrobatics designed to keep me out of trouble. I cannot say that the acrobatics succeeded. It began to em that the machinery of the organization I worked for was turning over, day and night, with but one aim: to eject me. I was fired once, and contrived, with the aid of a friend from New York, to get back on the payroll; was fired again, and bounced back again. It took a while to fire me for the third time, but the third time took. There were no loopholes anywhere. There was not even any way of getting back inside the gates.
诗词中国大赛官网
That year in New Jery lives in my mind as though it were the year during which, having an unsuspected predilection for it, I first contracted some dread, chronic dia, the unfailing symptom of which is a kind of blind fever, a pounding in the skull and fire in the bowel. Once this dia is contracted, one can never be really carefree again, for the fever without an instant's warning, can recur at any moment. It can wreck more important things than race relations. There is not a Negro alive who does not have this rage in his blood----one has the choice, merely, of living with it consciously or surrendering to it. As for me, this fever has recurred in me, and does, and will until the day I die.
My last night in New Jery, a white friend from New York took me to the nearest big town, Trenton, to go to the movies and have a few drinks. As it turned out, he also saved me from, at the very least, a violent whipping. Almost every detail of that night stands out very clearly in my memory. I even remember the name of the movie we saw becau its title impresd me as being so partly ironical. It was a movie about the German occupatio
拍照美女n of France, starring Maureen O' Hara and Charles Laughton and called This Land Is Mine. I remember the name of the diner we walked into when the movie ended: it was the "American Diner." When we walked in the counterman asked what we wanted and I remember answering with the casual sharpness which had become my habit: "We want a hamburger and a cup of coffee, what do you think we want?" I do not know why, after a year of such rebuffs, I so completely failed to anticipate his answer, which was, of cour, "We don't rve Negroes here." This reply failed to discompo me, at least for the moment. I made some sardonic comment about the name of the diner and we walked out into the streets.
