Bibliography Formats |
A bibliography should cite all the sources ud in preparing a speech—including Internet documents, personal interviews, and television programs, as well as print materials such as books, newspaper and magazine articles, reference works, government documents, and the like. There are a number of bibliographical formats, and you should check with your instructor to e which she or he wants you to follow. Examples of the two major formats—from the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Modern Language Association (MLA)—are provided below. |
Book: Single Author | |
MLA | Ramos, Jorge. Dying to Cross: The Worst Immigrant Tragedy in American History. New York: Harper, 2005. |
APA | Ramos, J. (2005). Dying to cross: The worst immigrant tragedy in American history. New York: HarperCollins. |
Book: Two or More Authors | |
MLA | Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: Morrow-Harper, 2005. |
APA | Levitt, S. D., & Dubner, S. J. (2005). Freakonomics: A rogue economist explores the hidden side of everything. New York: William Morrow. |
Book: Second or Later Edition | |
MLA | Fishman, Stephen. The Public Domain: How to Find & U Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More. 2nd ed. Berkeley: Nolo, 2004. |
APA | 韩国艺术综合大学 Fishman, S. (2004). The public domain: How to find & u copyright-free writings, music, art, & more (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Nolo. |
Book: Corporate Author | |
MLA | Mayo Clinic Health Information. Mayo Clinic Guide to Women's Cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information, 2005. |
APA | Mayo Clinic Health Information. (2005). Mayo clinic guide to women's cancers. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic Health Information. |
Book: Anthology or Compilation | |
MLA | Sloane, Thomas O., ed. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. |
APA | Sloane, T. O. (Ed.). (2001). Encyclopedia of rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press. |
Chapter in Anthology or Compilation | |
MLA | Lucas, Stephen E. "Public Speaking." Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Ed. Thomas O. Sloane. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 640-47. |
APA | Lucas, S. E. (2001). Public Speaking. In T. O. Sloane (Ed.), Encyclopedia of rhetoric (pp. 640-647). New York: Oxford University Press. |
Signed Magazine Article | |
MLA | Johnson, Steven. "Your Brain on Video Games: Could They Actually be Good for You?" Discover July 2005: 38-43. |
APA | Johnson, S. (2005, July). Your brain on video games: Could they actually be good for you? Discover, 26, 38-43. |
Unsigned Magazine Article | |
MLA | "Banking for Native Americans: On the Trail." Economist背英语 19 Feb. 2005: 70. |
APA | Banking for native Americans: On the trail. (2005, February 19). Economist, 374, 70. |
Journal Article, Continuous Pagination | |
MLA | Molinsky, Andrew L., Mary Anne Krabbenhoft, Nalini Ambady, and Y. Susan Choi. "Cracking the Nonverbal Code: Intercultural Competence and Gesture Recognition Across Cultures." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 36 (2005): 380-395. |
APA | Molinsky, A. L., Krabbenhoft, M. A., Ambady, N., & Choi, Y. S. (2005). Cracking the nonverbal code: Intercultural competence and gesture recognition across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 380-395. |
Journal Article, Noncontinuous Pagination | |
MLA | Gómez, Christina. "Latino Diversity and Political Reprentation." Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies 1.2 (2004): 19-32. |
APA | Gómez, C. (2004). Latino diversity and political reprentation. Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies, 1(2), 19-32. |
Signed Newspaper Article | |
MLA | Elliot, Andrea. "In a Now-Suspicious America, Muslim Converts Face Discrimination." New York Times 30 Apr. 2005, natl. ed.: A13. |
APA | Elliot, A. (2005, April 30). In a now-suspicious America, Muslim converts face discrimination. New York Times, p. 13A. |
| 色达旅游 Unsigned Newspaper Article | |
MLA | "Fatal Error: Seat-Belt U Less in Pickups." Chicago Tribune 16 May 2005, Midwest ed., c.1: 6. |
APA | Fatal error: Seat-belt u less in pickups. (2005, May 16). Chicago Tribune, ction 1, p. 6. |
Signed Newspaper Editorial | |
MLA | Reyes, Raul A. "Cinco de Mayo and Social Security." Editorial. USA Today 6 May 2005, final ed.: 13A. |
APA | Reyes, R. A. (2005, May 6). Cinco de Mayo and social curity [Editorial]. USA Today, p. 13A. |
Unsigned Newspaper Editorial | |
MLA | "Sesame Street's Private Road." Editorial. Christian Science Monitor 12 May 2005: 8. |
APA | Sesame street's private road [Editorial]. (2005, May 12). Christian Science Monitor, p. 8. |
Government Publication | |
MLA 国有大型企业 | United States. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Indicators of Equal Employment Opportunity—Status and Trends. Washington: GPO, 2004. |
APA | U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2004). Indicators of equal employment opportunity—Status and trends. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. |
Signed Article in Reference Work | |
MLA | Alvarez-Smith, Alma. "Pantoja, Antonia." Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture. Ed. Cordelia Chávez Candelaria. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004. |
APA | Alvarez-Smith, A. (2004). Pantoja, Antonia. In C. C. Candelaria (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture (Vol. 2, pp. 613-614). Westport, CT: Greenwood. |
扇贝怎么做Unsigned Article in Reference Work | |
MLA | "Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart." African-American Political Leaders. Ed. Charles W. Carey, Jr. New York: Facts on File, 2004. |
APA | Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart. (2004). In C. W. Carey, Jr. (Ed.), African-American political leaders (pp. 212-215). New York: Facts on File. |
Personal Interview | |
MLA | Velasquez, Andrew. Personal interview. 12 July 2005. |
APA | A. Velasquez (personal communication, July 12, 2005) |
Letter or E-Mail Communication | |
MLA | 儿童增高食谱Ahmed, Mohammed. E-mail interview. 11 Feb. 2005. |
APA | M. Ahmed (personal communication, February 11, 2005) |
Speech or Lecture | |
MLA | Huang, Wensha. Lecture on water pollution. Geography 212: Environmental Science. University of Florida. 25 Feb. 2005. |
APA | Huang, W. (2005, February 25). Water pollution [Lecture]. In Geography 212: Environmental science. University of Florida. |
Television Program | |
MLA | "Medical Tourists." Narr. Bob Simon. I. CBS. WCBS, New York. 24 Apr. 2005. |
APA | Olian, C. (Producer). (2005, April 24). Medical tourists [Television broadcast]. In Sixty minutes. New York: Columbia Broadcasting System. |
Film | |
MLA | The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till. Dir. Keith A. Beauchamp. SJL Management, 2004. |
APA | Beauchamp, K. A. (Director). (2004). The untold story of Emmett Louis Till [Motion picture]. United States. (Available from SJL Management, 400 East 58th Street, Suite 7G, New York, NY 10022) |
Article in Scholarly Journal Reprinted Online | |
MLA | Frith, Katherine, Ping Shaw, and Hong Cheng. "The Construction of Beauty: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Women's Magazine Advertising." Journal of Communication 55.1 (2005): 56-70. 27 Apr. 2005 </cgi/reprint/55/1/56.pdf>. |
APA | Frith, K., Shaw, P., & Cheng, H. (2005). The construction of beauty: A cross-cultural analysis of women's magazine advertising. Journal of Communication, 55, 56-70. Retrieved April 27, 2005, from /cgi/reprint/55/1/56.pdf |
Article in Online Scholarly Journal | |
MLA | Kely, Kathleen D., and Alan D'souza. "Student Motivation for Learning at a Distance: Does Interaction Matter?" Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration 7.2 (2004): 13 pp. 30 Apr. 2005 <www.westga.edu/%7Edistance/ojdla/summer72/kely72.html>. |
APA | Kely, K. D., & D'souza, A. (2004). Student motivation for learning at a distance: Does interaction matter? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 7(2). Retrieved April 30, 2005, from www.westga.edu/%7Edistance/ojdla/summer72/kely72.html |
Online Government Publication | |
MLA | United States. Dept. of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. Annual Energy Outlook 2005 With Projections to 2025. Feb. 2005. 13 May 2005 <www.v/oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2005).pdf>. |
APA | United States Department of Energy, Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting. (2005, February). Annual energy outlook 2005 with projections to 2025. Retrieved May 13, 2005, from www.v/oiaf/aeo/pdf/0383(2005).pdf |
Online Newspaper Article | |
MLA | Wulfhorst, Ellen. "Study: Blogs Haven't Displaced Media." Washington Post 16 May 2005. 17 May 2005 </wp-dyn/content/article/2005/ 05/16/AR2005051600884.html>. |
APA | Wulfhorst, E. (2005, May 16). Study: Blogs haven't displaced media. Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2005, from |
Online Editorial | |
MLA | Kinsley, Michael. "Remember: You Can't Swat a Fly with a Computer." Editorial. Los Angeles Times 8 May 2005. 11 May 2005 </news/opinion/ la-oe-kinsley8may08,lumn?coll=la-util-op-ed>. |
APA | Kinsley, M. (2005, May 8). Remember: You can't swat a fly with a computer [Editorial]. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2005, from /news/ opinion/la-oe-kinsley8may08,lumn?coll=la-util-op-ed |
Online Magazine Article | |
MLA | Herper, Matthew. "Race-Bad Medicine Arrives." 10 May 2005. 11 May 2005 </business/2005/05/10/cx_mh_0509racemedicine.html>. |
APA | Herper, M. (2005, May 10). Race-bad medicine arrives. . Retrieved May 11, 2005, from /business/2005/05/10/cx_mh_0509racemedicine.html |
Document Accesd from Online Service | |
MLA | McCartney, Anthony. "Online Thieves Are Fishing For Suckers." Tampa Tribune 9 Feb. 2005: 9. Academic Univer: News. Lexis-Nexis. Memorial Library, Madison, WI. 4 June 2005 </univer/>. |
APA | McCartney, A. (2005, February 9). Online thieves are fishing for suckers. Tampa Tribune. Retrieved April 29, 2005, from Lexis/Nexis Academic Univer databa. |
Online Document from Broadcast | |
MLA | "Paleontologist Disputes Altering Discovery." . 2005. Cable News Network. 13 May 2005 </2005/TECH/science/05/vies.ap/index.html>. |
APA | Paleontologist disputes altering discovery. (2005, May 13). Cable News Network. Retrieved May 13, 2005, from /2005/TECH/science/05/vies.ap /index.html |
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