翻译基础知识总结
1. 异化 (foreignization) 和归化 (domestication)
保留原语所包含的文化、形象色彩，叫异化，读者通过这样的译文可以感受到异域文化的东西。例如，把crocodile tears 译为鳄鱼泪，就是异化的翻译方法；舍弃原语所包含的文化、形象色彩，取而代之用译文的文化色彩，或者牺牲这种文化色彩而只翻译出其意义就是归化，就是让原文“归顺”于译文。例如把crocodile tears 译为假惺惺的眼泪，就是归化的翻译方法。
2. 直译 (literal translation) 和意译 (free translation) 直译即照着原文直接翻译，例如 藏龙卧虎 – Hidden dragons and hidden tigers. 意译就是抛弃原文形式而只传达其意义，例如 Dutch courage – 酒后之勇
3. 音译 (transliteration) 比如：store – 士多 chee –汁斯 风水 –fungshui
4. 翻译的标准：信达雅 faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance “信”指的是忠实于原文的内容和风格 （faithful to the content and style of the source text歌曲天若有情；“达”指的是译文语言流畅自然而
不生硬阻滞 （the translation or target text should be natural and expressive）；“雅”指的是译文译文语言风格尽可能贴近原文风格。
5. 词类的转化 conversion ：名词 动词 形容词 副词 根据表达需要，在翻译中，往往需要进行词类的转化，此外，还包括抽象与具体的转化。
6. 增添法 amplification 比如：增添连接词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等
7. 省略法 omission比如：省略连接词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等
8. 汉语是意合（parataxis）语言，分句之间的关系是隐性的 （covert），英语是形合 (hypotaxis) 人生的路上语言，分句之间关系还是显性的 （overt）
9. 英语的54种基本句型：
SV / SVC / SVO / SVOO / SVOC (参考教材15面)
10. 比较来说，汉语是动态 (dynamic) 语言 英语是静态( static) 语言；汉语更喜欢使用有灵主语（及人或其他有生命的词作主语animate subject），英语更喜欢无灵主语（inaminate
subject），例如：The sight of the photo reminded me of ...（参考教材31面）
11. 句子层次来说，英译汉常要分division, 汉译英常要合 combination.
翻译部分题型：一 、篇章汉译英 （15分）： 请注意词的处理技巧的恰当运用， 以及句子的组合。 明显一个意群的几个汉语分句通常需合为一个英语句子， 主要信息放主句里， 次要信息放从属结构。 二、 选择题： 主要考两种：一个句子给了几个译文 选出最佳的； 翻译基本知识 （15分）： 比如下面哪句译文是用归化或异化的方法， 翻译的标准是什么（信达雅）等等。大家一定要注意翻译基础知识上所提供的那些术语的英文表达，考试用得着！
B级
题型 | 跨文化 案例分析 | 日记一年级30字 段落翻译 | 阅读 理解 | 选择题 | 总计 |
跨文化 | 翻译 |
题量 | 1 | 1 | 4*5 | 15 | 15 | 52 |
分值 | 15 | 15 | 40 | 15 | 15 | 100分 |
时间 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 120分钟 经期喝咖啡 |
| | | | | | |
宪法制定跨文化选择题中有五题考查跨文化交际理论，十题考查情景反应；
段落翻译考查中译英。
I Multiple choice.
1 The following items are four cultural dimensions, except
A. uncertainty avoidance
B. power distance
C. masculinity
D. high context
2 The following are the stages of culture shock, except
A. honeymoon
B. confusion
C. anxiety
D. frustration
3 The following ntences express the tendency of ethnocentrism, except
A. England is called “The Empire on Which the Sun Never Sets”.
B. The world is multicultural.
gre词汇精选
C. China is a country with a long history.
D. The national anthem of England is “God Save the Queen”.
4 In the following statements, which one is not true?
A. When culture is contrasted with nature, it can be defined as “life way of a population” in its broad n, meaning what characterizes the particular way of life of a population.
B. Language is a means to express and exchange thoughts, concepts, knowledge and inf
ormation as well as to transmit experience and so on.
C. Verbal communication is the transferring of thoughts between individuals only via spoken messages.
D. All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly.
5 Xiao Wang meets Peter at the airport and says to him: “Morning, Peter!” In this ca, the source of information is ________.
A. Xiao Wang
B. Peter
C. the airport
D. “Morning, Peter!”
6 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of culture?
A. Culture is Transmissible
B. Culture is dynamic
C. Culture is innate(天生的)
D. Culture is lective
7 Which of the following is not an ingredient of culture?
A. artifacts
简述自我价值观
B. concepts
C. behaviors
D. assumptions
8 ___ tend to believe that people should rely on themlves as much as possible.
A. Individualists
B. Collectivists
C. Negotiators
D. Critics
9 Which of the following is a characteristic of nonverbal communication?
A. culture-specific
B. conscious
C. universal
D. pervasive
10 What is the communication style of Americans?
A. high-context
B. low-context莫比
C. implicit
D. indirect
II Ca Study
A student from Colombia may study in the United States and earn a Ph.D., teach at a distinguished university, and publish important books, but when he returns to visit Colombia, people to whom he is introduced will want to know to whom he is related. Colombians want to know who his family is becau that places him in society much more so than any of his accomplishments in the United States.
Question: what cultural phenomenon does the ca reflect? Plea analyze the ca with illustration of details.
high-context
low-context
Culture shock[honeymoon; confusion; frustration; effectiveness; appreciation]
It means the traumatic experience and the strong feelings of discomfort, fear, or anxiety, which people may have when they enter another culture.
