The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Chapter 1: geography, people and language
1.Different Names for Britain and its Parts
The British Isles Great Britain England (geographical names)
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (official name)
Britain the United Kingdom the U.K
2. National Flag
the Union Jack
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. (geography)
4.The image of John Bull.
5.British National Emblem
6.Climate: maritime climate
Temperate ( with warm summer ,cool winter) plentiful precipitation (降雨量)
Three principal features: frequent fog the large number of rainy days
Instability or changeability
7.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. (三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士)
Region | Capital | National emblem | People | language | Famous persons |
England （Southern） | London | ro | English 50M 83% | English (Official) | |
Scotland （north） | Edinburgh （爱丁堡） | Thistle （蓟花） | Scottish/Scots 5M <9.6% 寿宴祝福语 | Gaelic (盖尔语) | Robert Burns (罗伯特·彭斯)——Auld Lang Syne (友谊地久天长) A Red Red Ro(一朵红红的玫瑰 |
Wales （west） | 新娘结婚Cardiff （加的夫） | daffodil (黄水仙) Leek （韭葱） | Welsh <3M <2% | Welsh (1/4 in Wles) | |
Northern Ireland | Belfast （贝尔法斯特） | Shamrock （三叶草） | Northern Irish 1.7M 1.8% | English | William Butler Yeats （浓眉大眼的意思威廉·巴特勒·叶芝）——When you are old James Joyce(詹姆斯·乔伊斯)——stream-of- consciousness(意识流) George Bernard Shaw （乔治·萧伯纳） |
Other people: 3% (immigrants) |
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补充：（1）England
is the largest, most populous and most wealthiest part of the country.
The River Thames originates in southwestern England. (英国第二长河)
(2) Scotland
has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。
(3) Wales
the Severn River(英国第一长河) originates in mid-Wales.
(4) Northern Ireland
准备好的英文
Lough Neagh 内伊湖 （英国最大湖泊）
People and language
(1) population distribution: >60M
爱心图片 unevenly distributed; highly urbanized; an aging population
People | Ancestors | Character | Others |
English | Anglo-Saxons | gentleman | |
Scots (lowlanders/highlanders) | Celts/Celtic people | rious, tough and thrifty also hospitable, generous and friendly. | Scotch whisky kilt (pl. kilts) 格子短褶裙 Play bagpipes 风笛 优秀的演讲视频 |
Welsh | Celts | Emotional and cheerful | Two passions: choral singing(male choir); rugby football Red dragon |
Irish | Celts | Charm and vivacity | St. Patrick's Day圣·帕特里克节 (3.17) Green and yellow |
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(2) English is a member of the Indo-European family of languages. (印欧语系) Germanic
The development of the English language:
Old English/ Anglo-Saxon English (5th-11th )
The Angles(盎格鲁人 )，the Saxons(撒克逊人) and the Jutes(朱特人夏威夷王国)populating the British Isles.
Strongly influenced by Old Nor(古斯堪的纳维亚语) spoken by the Vikings( 北欧海盗)
Enriched by Latin and Greek words
Middle English ---The ri of English (11th-15th )
William the Conqueror(征服者威廉)，the Duke of Normandy( 诺曼底公爵) invaded and conquered the England in 1066.
The black death 黑死病
The failure百科问答 of Hundred Years’ War
English took the place of French
The huge influence of French words on English
Modern English---standardization (from the late 15th )
Factors help the evolution of Middle to Modern English:
Printing press the dialect of London become the standard
Spelling and grammar become fixed. The first English dictionary published in 1604.
Factors speed the development of modern English:
Renaissance 文艺复兴 King James Bible 英王詹姆士钦定版《圣经》
The Industrial Revolution and the ri of technology
The ri of British Empire and the growth of global trade
Standard English
“the Queen’s English” or “BBC English”
Position: 1/3 of the word’s population u English
Become a universal lingua franca (母语不同的人之间使用的通用语)
Chapter2: History
P1: under Roman Conqueror (55BC-410 )
British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice.
In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.
有记录的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵。公元前55年和54年，罗马将军朱略斯·凯撒两次入侵英国，均未成功。
直到公元43年，克劳狄一世才成功占领不列颠。将近四百年里，英国人处于罗马人的占领下，但这并非是完全的占领。
P2: the Angles, the Saxons & the Jutes came William was crowned (-1066)
