拐杖舞语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章)
小学生格言大全
Chapter I Introduction
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal:
1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.
3. A scientific study of language is bad on what the linguist thinks.
4.In the study of linguistics, hypothes formed should be bad on language facts
and checked against the obrved facts.
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5.General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.
6.General linguistics, which relates itlf to the rearch of other areas, studies
the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7.
7.Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations
of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful ntences.
9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called
morphology.
10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the向日葵什么时候开花
morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into ntences.
11.The study of meaning in language is known as mantics.
12.Both mantics and pragmatics study meanings.
13.Pragmatics is different from mantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not企业制度建设
in isolation, but in context.
14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.
15.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.
16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
17.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.
18.A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in
time.
善感19.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written
language.
20.The distinction between competence and performance was propod by F.de
Saussure.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
21. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal ur’s k__________ of the rules of his language.
22.Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete u of the conventions and application of the rules.
23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the
pheno广告网址n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols ud for human communication.
25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible ntences in languages is called s________.
26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual u.
28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the ttlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.
29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its urs. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of ntences which they have never heard before.
30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually u, it is said to be ______________.
A. prescriptive
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B. analytic
C. descriptive
D. linguistic 32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness
B. Displacement
C. Duality
D. Meaningfulness
33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.
A. primary
B. correct
C. condary
D. stable
34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, becau ___________. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D. All of the above
35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. comparative
36.Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.
A. sociological…psychological
B. psychological…sociological
C. applied… pragmatic
D.mantic and linguistic
37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole
B. performance
C. langue
D. Language
38. Language is said to be arbitrary becau there is no logical connection between
_________ and meanings.
A. n
B. sounds
C. objects
D. ideas
39. Language can be ud to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,
A. displacement
B. duality
C. flexibility
D. cultural transmission
40. The details of any language system is pasd on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.
A. learning
B. teaching
C. books
D. both A and B
IV. Define the following terms:
41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49.Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness 53 Productivity 54. Displacement 55.Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 Parole V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication. Explain it in detail.
62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.
63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?
65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?
66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?
67. How do you understand competence and performance ?
68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole ems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?
69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?
I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal:
l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.
T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.F 20.F
著名画家II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the l etter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syn tax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientif
ic (or systematic)
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can
best complete the statement. 3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.
C 38.B 39.A 40.D
IV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and ud in communication is called phonology.
43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form ntences
is called syntax. 44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of u is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to
the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is
a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are ud in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called mantics. 50. Sociolinguistics: The study
of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.
51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow n, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and cond languages. In a broad n, it refers
to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems
such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. Arbitrariness: It is one of
the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in
that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its urs. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be ud to
refer to things which are prent or not prent, real or imagined matters in the past, prent, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be
ud to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which
consists of two ts of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal ur's knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.
59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all th
e members o
f a speech community; Langue is the t of conventions and rules wh ich language urs all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does no t change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of lan
g ue in actual u; parole is the concrete u of the conventions and the applic ation of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give example s for illustration if necessary:
61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a syst em, becau elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, la nguage is arbitrary becau there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustra tion of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic natu re of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, acti ons, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal becau the primar y medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writ ing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that languag e is possd by human beings only and is very different from the communicati on systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that lang uage makes it possible for its urs to talk to each other and fulfill their c
