第26套
Newspaper in Western Europe
By the eighteenth century,newspapers had become firmly established as a means of spreading news of European and world affairs,as well as of local concerns, within European society.One of the first true newspapers was the Dutch paper Nieuwe Tijdingen It began publication in the early venteenth century at about the same time that the overas trading company called the Dutch East India Company was formed The same ships that brought goods back from abroad brought news of the world,too.
1.According to paragraph1，what was true about the Dutch paper Nieuwe Tijdingen?
A.It reported news mainly about ships and trade goods
茶具茶器B.It was established in the eighteenth century
C.It was among the first real newspapers in Europe.
D.It was published by an overas trading company.
Dutch publishers had an advantage over many other publishers around Europe becau the Netherlands’highly decentralized political system made its censorship laws very difficult to enforce Throughout Europe in the venteenth century, governments began recognizing the revolutionary potential of the free press and began requiring licens of newspapers—to control who was able to publish news. Another tactic,in France and elwhere on the continent from the1630s onward,was for governments to sponsor official newspapers.The state publications met the increasing demand for news but always supported the government’s views of the events of the day
笔记本电脑外接显卡2.Paragraph2suggests that the main reason why governments began to licen newspapers was
< make sure that newspapers were of high quality
< provide their countries'publishers with an advantage over other European publishers
< reduce competition among government-sponsored newspapers
< help control the public's attitudes about the news
3.According to paragraph2,what was true about official government newspapers?
A.They made censorship laws more difficult to enforce
B.They expanded the revolutionary potential of the press
C.They appeared first in the Netherlands,
D.They always agreed with the government's opinion.
By the eighteenth century,new conditions allowed newspapers to flourish as never before First,demand for news incread as Europe’s commercial and political interests spread around the globe—merchants in London,Liverpool，or Glasgow,for example,came to depend on early news of Caribbean harvests and gains and loss in colonial wars Europe's growing commercial strength also incread distribution networks for newspapers.There were more and better roads,and more vehicles could deliver newspapers in cities and convey them to outlying towns Newspaper publishers made u of the many new sites where the public expected to read,as newspapers were delivered to cafes and sold or delivered by bookllers.
4.According to paragraph3,why did demand for news increa in the eighteenth century?
浏阳市第一中学A.People wanted to read about the new books being sold by bookllers
借记卡和信用卡的区别
B.Governments wanted to make sure their colonies were being governed efficiently.
东北粘豆包的做法C.Merchants needed to know how their business would be affected by events in other countries.
D.Owners of cafes needed to predict how foreign harvests might affect food prices
Second,many European states had established effective postal systems by the eighteenth century.It was through the mail that readers outside major cities and their environs—and virtually all readers in areas where press censorship was exercid firmly—received their newspapers.One of the most successful newspapers in Europe was a French-language paper(one of the many known as La Gazette,)published in Leiden,in the Netherlands,which boasted a wide readership in France and among elites throughout Europe.
5.The word“exercid”in the passage is clot in meaning to
C.applied
D.defended
6.In paragraph4,why does the author mention a French language paper that was published in Leiden?
A.To show that the most successful newspapers in Europe tended to be French-language newspapers
B.To illustrate the important role played by the mail in the distribution of newspapers预备党员的思想汇报
C.To provide evidence that newspapers were being read by the elites of Europe
D.To establish that the Netherlands had one of the most effective postal systems in Europe
Finally,press censorship faltered in one of the most important markets for news—England—at the turn of the eighteenth century after1688.debate raged about whether the Parliament or the Crown had the right to control the press,and in the
confusion the press flourished.The emergence of political parties further hampered control of the press becau political decisions in Parliament now always involved compromi,and many members believed that an active press was uful to that process.British government’s control of the press was reduced to taxing newspapers, a tactic that drove some papers out of business.
7.The word"emergence”in the passage is clost in meaning to
A.influence
B.activity
C.ri
D.success
8.The word"tactic”in the passage is clost in meaning to
培训个人心得体会
A.strategy
B.situation
9.According to paragraph5,many members of Parliament held which of the following views about the English press?
A.It had the effect of increasing tensions between Parliament and the monarchy
B.It created pressure that encouraged political opponents to reach agreement
C.It helped create the confusion that led to the emergence of political parties.
D.It could be more effectively controlled by compromi than by taxing newspapers
Eighteenth-century newspapers were modest products by modern Western standards. Many were published only once or twice a week instead of every day,in editions of only a few thousand copies.Each newspaper was generally only four pages long. Illustrations were rare，and headlines had not yet been invented.Hand-operated wooden press were ud to print the papers,just as they had been ud to print pamphlets and books since the invention of printing in the fifteenth century.
10.According to paragraph6，all of the following are true of eighteenth-century newspapers EXCEPT
A.They usually were published no more than twice a week
B.They generally consisted of four pages
C.They included numerous illustrations.
D.They had no headlines
Yet the newspapers had a dramatic impact on their reading public Regular production of newspapers(especially of many competing newspapers)meant that news was prented to the public at regular intervals and in manageable amounts. Even strange and threatening news from around the world became increasingly easy for readers to absorb and interpret Newspaper readers also felt themlves part of the和绅
public life about which they were reading This was true partly becau newspapers, available in public reading rooms and in cafes,were one kind of reading that occupied an increasing lf-aware and literate audience.Newspapers also were uniquely responsive to their readers.They began to carry advertiments,which both produced revenue for papers and widened readers'exposure to their own communities.Even more important was the inauguration of letters to the editor in which readers expresd their opinions about events Newspapers thus became venues for the often rapid exchange of news and opinions.
11.The word"thus"in the passage is clost in meaning to
C.in addition
D.soon
12.According to paragraph7，newspapers had all of the following effects on their readers EXCEPT
A.They found it easier to understand news from other countries
B.They became more successful in business than tho who did not read newspapers
C.They became better connected to their local communities.
D.They could write about their own opinions on current events
13.Look at the four squares■that indicate where the following ntence could be added to the passage:
And even when it was possible to apply laws limiting speech,authorities were reluctant to do so becau of the growing economic importance of the commercial book market.
Dutch publishers had an advantage over many other publishers around Europe becau the Netherlands’highly decentralized political system made its censorship laws very difficult to enforce.■Throughout Europe in the venteenth century, governments began recognizing the revolutionary potential of the free press and began requiring licens of newspapers—to control who was able to publish news.■Another tactic,in France and elwhere on the continent from the1630s onward, was for governments to sponsor official newspapers.■The state publications met the increasing demand for news but always supported the government's views of the events of the day.■
14.Summary:
By the eighteenth century,newspapers had become established as a means of spreading news of European affairs within European society.
A.Governments tried to control what news got published by sponsoring official newspapers,taxing publishers,requiring newspapers to be licend,and instituting press-censorship laws.
B.England was the most Important market for news,but disruptions caud by conflict over how the government should control the press resulted in many British newspapers being driven out of business.
C.Censorship laws were established and enforced differently across Europe becau of differences in the political systems of the various countries.
D.Europe's expanding commercial and political interests led to incread demand for news and also to improved systems for distributing newspapers,
E.Although eighteenth-century newspapers were modest by modern standards,they made current events accessible to the reading public and facilitated the rapid exchange of news and opinions.
F.Newspapers'regular prentation of strange and threatening news from around the world had the effect of making their readers feel more cloly connected to their own local communities.
The Plow and the Hor in Medieval Europe（15年11月14日）Paragraph1
One of the most important factors driving Europe’s slow emergence from the economic stagnation of the Early Middle Ages(circa500-1000B.C.E.)was the improvement of agricultural technology.One inn
ovation was a new plow,with a curved attachment(moldboard)to turn over wet,heavy soils,and a knife(or coulter) in front of the blade to allow a deeper and easier cut.This more complex plow replaced the simpler“scratch”plow that merely made a shallow,straight furrow in the ground.In the lands around the Mediterranean,with light rains and mild winters,this had been fine,but in the wetter terrain north and west of the Danube and the Alps, such a plow left much to be desired,and it is to be wondered if it was ud at all.【Cleared lands would more likely have been worked by hand tilling,with little direct help from animals,and the vast forests natural to Northern Europe remained either untouched,or perhaps cleared in small ctions by fire,and the land probably was ud only so long as the ash-enriched soil yielded good crops and then abandoned for some other similarly cleared field.】Such a pattern of agriculture and ttlement was no basis for sustained cultural or economic life.
1.The word“stagnation”in the passage is clost in meaning to
A.instability
B.lack of growth
C.dependence on others
D.decline
2.According to paragraph1,what was the main advantage of the new plow over the scratch plow?
A.The new plow created straighter rows.
B.The new plow was easier for animals to pull.
C.The new plow could dig deeper into the soil.
