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1. The Origins of Writing
It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that civilization aro,
and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of
civilization, writing. The examples, in the form of inscribed clay tablets
that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E., have been discovered among the
archaeological remains of the Sumerians, a gifted people ttled in southern
Mesopotamia.
The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing, but we cannot
习惯养成教育 follow the history of their writing in detail becau they ud a perishable
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writing material. In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus
plants, and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper; it was备员
excellent in quality but, like any paper, fragile. Mesopotamia’s rivers boasted羊水过多
no such uful reeds, but its land did provide good clay, and as a conquence
the clay tablet became the standard material. Though clumsy and bulky it has a
virtue dear to archaeologists: it is durable. Fire, for example, which is death
to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood, simply
西葫芦怎么做好吃 bakes it hard, thereby making it even more durable. So when a conqueror t a
用汉语的英文 Mesopotamian palace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in跟男生聊天聊什么话题好
it. Clay, moreover, is cheap, and forming it into tablets is easy, factors that
helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout
Mesopotamia but far outside it as well, in Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and even
for a while in Crete and Greece. Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all
