1.Major n relations
(1)Synonymy:同义关系 refers to the sameness or clo similarity of meaning. Words that are clo in meaning are called synonyms. ①Dialectal synonyms—synonyms ud in different regional dialects. Eg. British English: autumn. American English: fall. ②Stylistic synonyms---Synonyms differing in style. Eg. Start, begin, commence ③Synonyms that different in their emotive or evaluative meaning. Eg. The two words collaborator and accomplice are synonymous inthat they share the meaning of “a person who helps another”, but they differ in that a collaborator helps another in doing something good, while an accomplice helps another ina criminal act. ④Semantically different synonyms. Eg. The two words amaze and astound are very clo in meaning to the word surpri, but have very subtle differences. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, astound suggests difficulty in believing. ⑤Collocational synonyms. Eg. charge…. With, rebuke….for, sour milk
(2).Polymy:多义现象It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning,
the same one word may have more than one meaning. Eg. If we look up he word “table” in any dictionary, we will find the following meanings: 1)a piece of furniture, 2)all the people ated at table, 3)the food that is put on the table, 4)a thin flat piece of stone, metal, wood, etc, and so on
(3).Homonymy同音异义refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. 1)Homophones同音异义—when two words are identical in sound. Eg. Meet/meat; son/sun; night/knight; Homonymy Homographs同形异义—when two words are identical in spelling. Eg. minute n/minute adj; tear v./ tear n ; lead v./lead n. Complete homonyms—when two words are identical in both spelling and sound. Eg. Fast adj./ fast v. scale n./scale v.
(4).Hyponymy下义关系It refers to the n relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate上义词, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms下义词. Eg. Superordinate: animal, hyponyms: dog, cat, tiger, lion, fox, bear.
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(5)Antonymy 反义关系It’s the term ud for oppositeness of meaning. ①Gradable antonyms分级反义词(a matter of degree). Eg.Old—middle-aged—young; hot-warm-cold . ②墟日 Complementary antonyms互补反义词(the denial of one member of pair implies the asrtion of the other) . Eg. Alive—dead; male—female; ③Relational opposites关系反义词(Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites)Eg. father-son; teacher-pupil; doctor-patient; buy-ll; above-below; north-south
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2.Semantics：can be defined as the study of meaning.
3.The naming theory--Plato. words are just names or labels for things. Limitation: 1.this theory ems applicable to nouns only. 2.within the category of nouns, there are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world at all.
安全工作心得体会4.The conceptualist view: there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind../ mantic triangle语义三角, triangle of significance意义三角
5.Contextualism：J.R.Firth. It’s bad on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to obrvable contexts./ the situational and the linguistic context.
6.Behaviorism:鸦片战争的启示 Bloomfield. It refers to the attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the” situation in which the speaker utters it and the respon it calls forth in the hearer”.
方的反义词是什么7.Sen: It’s concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It’s the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it’s abstract and de-contextualized. (It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compiliers are interested)
8.Reference: It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A certain n can be realized by more than one references, a certain reference can be expresd by more than one n. Linguistic forms having the same n may have different references in different situations.
9.n relation between ntences句子间的意义关系X is synonymous with Y. (同义), X is inconsistent with Y.(不一致)， X entails Y.(X包含于干锅土豆片怎么做Y中), X presuppos Y. (Y是X的先决条件)，X is a contradiction.(自我矛盾) , X is mantically anomalous. (语义反常)
