1、 英语词汇概述：（8%）
（1） 英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展阶段。
博人眼球的意思（2） 英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专用词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。
（3） 英语词汇的三大特点：数量大、来源广、变化多。
‘Indo-European’印欧语系
鳄鱼干With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.
1. Word词--- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
2．Vocabulary词汇 —— Vocabulary is most commonly ud to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given subject and all the words possd by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.
3. basic word stock 基本词汇is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. The words have obvious characteristics.
（1）All national character全民性. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language。They include words relating to the following respects:
Natural phenomena/Human body and relations/Names of plants and animals/Action, size, domain, state/Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions
（温柔的小姨2）Stability稳定性. Words of the basic word stock have been in u for centuries.
（3）Productivity 多产性. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They can each be ud alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.
（4）Polymy多义性. Words belonging to the basic word stock often posss more than one meaning becau most of them have undertone mantic changes in the cour of u and become polymous.
（5）Collocability搭配性. Many words of the basic word stock quite a number of t expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.
4.nonbasic words stock非基本词汇Words, void of the stated characteristics, do not belong to the common core of the language. They include the following.
（1）Terminology术语consists of technical terms ud in particular disciplines and academic areas
（2）Jargon行话 refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themlves such as in busin
ess.
（3）Slang俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that ems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population. Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether. Slang is colorful, blunt, expressive and impressive.
（4）Argot黑话 generally refers to the jargon of criminals.
（5）Dialectal words方言词 are words ud only by speakers of the dialect in question.
（6） Archaisms 古语词are words or forms that were once in common u but are now restricted only to specialized or limited u. 莫斯科旅游
（血压手环7） Neologisms新词语 are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.-。
5.Content words 实义词怀柔denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity.
6.Functional words 功能词do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between ntences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.
7.native words本地词——– are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Anglo-Saxon Words， are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language （1. neutral in style文体中性2.frequent in u使用频繁）
8.borrowed words借词——words taken over from foreign languages are know as loan words, constituting 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. The English language has vast debts .
9.Denizens同化词—— are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. Such as port from portus (L).‘Denizens’的例子都要
记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F).
10.Translation-loans译借词——Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as ‘ long time no e from haojiumeijian (Ch)
11．Semantic-loans这样学英语借义词——words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ’joy’ and ‘music ’, and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Nor. 陆毅简历个人资料
