管理类专业学位联考英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编2
阿基米德原理(总分50,考试时间90分钟)
2. Reading Comprehension
Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously pod by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joph Nye"s new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of America"s National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power", bad on persuasion and influences, as a counterpoint to "hard power", bad on coercion(强迫)and force. Having analyzed the u of soft and hard power in policies and diplomacy in his previous books, Mr. Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved." In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theories **e to the opposite conclusion. The context of leadership is changing,
they obrve, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In **panies and democracies, power is increasingly diffud and traditional hierarchies(等级制)are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back at to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of the two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls "smart power", is the best approach. The domination theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the "transformational leadership pattern". Anyone allergic(反感)to management term will already be running for the exit, but Mr. Nye has performed a valuable rvice in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate. Ales, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the
jerry to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership - in particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie - and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are required, a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.
1. From the first two paragraph we may learn that Mr. Machiavelli"s idea of hard power is______.
A. well accepted by Joph Nye
B. very influential till nowadays
C. bad on sound theories
D. contrary to that of modern leadership theories
2. Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr. Nye?
A. Coercion is widespread.
B. Morality is devalued.
C. Power is no longer concentrated.
D. Traditional hierarchies are strengthened.
3. In his book The Powers to Lead, Mr. Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT______.
A. authority B. context
C. approaches D. morality
4. Mr. Nye"s book is particularly valuable in that it______.
A. makes little u of management terms
B. summarizes various studies concily
C. rves as an exit for leadership rearches
D. ts a model for contemporary corporate leaders
5. According to the author, the most interesting part of Mr. Nye"s book lies in his______.
A. view of changeable leadership
香蕉的英文>甜甜嘴
B. definition of good leadership
C. summary of leadership history
D. discussion of moral leadership
Americans don"t like to lo wars. Of cour, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars—the kind that test patriotism and courage—and tho are the kind at which the U.S. excels. But other struggles test tho qualities too. What el was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag—when the job is done, they earned it. Now there is a si
milar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. is losing. Indeed, if America is fighting at all, it"s fighting on the wrong side. The U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world"s greenhou gas each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn"t intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promis of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It"s hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country"s coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy. The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there"s far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its plans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken American"s growth. But let"s assume that tho interested parties and others will always bent the table and will al
ways demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addresd. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like — one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound ? Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conrvative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what"s needed most is will. "I"m not saying the challenge isn"t almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp. "But this is America, and America has rin to the challenges before."
6. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Human wars.
十九的英语
B. Economic crisis.
C. America"s environmental policies.
痕迹的迹怎么写D. Global environment in general.
7. From the last ntence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country"s coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is______.
A. of utmost importance
B. a fight no one can win
C. beyond people"s imagination
D. a less significant issue
做用8. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3)probably means______.
A. friction B. contradiction
C. conflict D. problem
9. What is the author"s attitude toward America"s policies on global warming?
A. Critical. B. Indifferent.
C. Supportive. D. Compromising.
10. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with______.
紫色的包菜叫什么
A. the new book written by Fred Krupp
B. how America can fight against global warming
C. the harmful effects of global warming
D. how America can tide over economic crisis
冬天适合种什么花Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered
the clip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim(the hou)in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to e the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. "My whole motto(座右铭)was "Start small, think big, and have fun"," says MacDonald, 26, " I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side." Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400, 000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10 billion worth of goods and rvices on a growing number of barter sites. The Web sites **panies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can u to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan lls a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it us to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than 4, 600 rvices, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier—what Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls "the double coincidence of wants." That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, b
ut also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency. Barter also helps firms make u of idle capacity. For example, advertising is "hugely bartered" becau many media, particularly on the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don"t register in industry-growth statistics, becau many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges. Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to "grade" trading partners for honesty quality and so on. Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two(QL2)plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38, 000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be "liberated from corrupt middlemen." For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a recapitalize past.
