Designation:E1444–05
Standard Practice for
Magnetic Particle Testing1
感谢歌词This standard is issued under thefixed designation E1444;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the ca of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parenthes indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for u by agencies of the Department of Defen.
1.Scope
1.1This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination ud for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. Guide E709can be ud in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.
N OTE1—This Practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.
1.2The magnetic particle examination method is ud to detect cracks,laps,ams,inclusions,and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials.Magnetic particle examination may be applied to raw material,billets,finished and mi-finished materials,welds,and in-rvice parts.Magnetic particle examination is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stain-less steels.See Appendix X6for additional information.
1.3All areas of this Practice may be open to agreement between the Cognizant Engineering Organization and the supplier,or specific direction from the Cognizant Engineering Organization.
1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its u.It is the responsibility of the ur of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1The following documents form a part of this standard practice to the extent specified herein.
2.2ASTM Standards:2
A275/A275M Test Method for Magnetic Particle Exami-nation of Steel Forgings
A456Specification for Magnetic Particle Inspection of Large Crankshaft Forgings
D1966Test Methods for Foots in Raw Lined Oil
E543Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-destructive Testing
E709Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
2.3ASNT Documents:3
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice No.“Personnel Quali-fication and Certification in Nondestructive Testing ANSI/ASNT CP-189Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of NDT Personnel
2.4Society of Automotive Engineers(SAE)-AMS Docu-ments:4,5
AMS2641Magnetic Particle Inspection Vehicle
AMS3040Magnetic Particles,Nonfluorescent,Dry Method
AMS3041Magnetic Particles,Nonfluorescent,Wet Method,Oil Vehicle,Ready-To-U
AMS3042Magnetic Particles,Nonfluorescent,Wet Method,Dry Powder
AMS3043Magnetic Particles,Nonfluorescent,Wet Method,Oil Vehicle,Aerosol Packaged
AMS3044Magnetic Particles,Fluorescent,Wet Method, Dry Powder
AMS3045Magnetic Particles,Fluorescent,Wet Method, Oil Vehicle,Ready-To-U
AMS3046Magnetic Particles,Fluorescent,Wet Method, Oil Vehicle,Aerosol Packaged5
AMS5062Steel,Low Carbon Bars,Forgings,Tubing, Sheet,Strip,and Plate0.25Carbon,Maximum
AMS5355Investment Castings
AMS I-83387Inspection Process,Magnetic Rubber
1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03on Liquid
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.
Current edition approved March1,2005.Published June2005.Originally approved in1991.Last previous edition approved in2001as E1444-01.
2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing,1711Arlingate Plaza,P.O.Box28518,Columbus,OH43228-0518.
4Copies of standards,specifications,drawings,and publications required by manufacturers in connection with specification acquisition should be obtained from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
5Available from Society of Automotive Engineers(SAE),400Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,PA15096-0001.
1
Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.
AS 4792Water Conditioning Agents for Aqueous Magnetic Particle Inspection
AS 5282Tool Steel Ring Standard for Magnetic Particle Inspection
AS 5371Reference Standards Notched Shims for Magnetic Particle Inspection
2.5Federal Standards:4,6
FED-STD-313Material Safety Data Sheets,Preparation and the Submission of FED-STD-595Colors 2.6Military Standards:4,6
MIL-STD-1907Inspection,Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Soundness Requirements for Materials,Parts,and Weldments
MIL-STD-2175Castings,Classification and Inspection of A-A-59230Fluid,Magnetic Particle Inspection,Suspension 2.7OSHA Document:7
29CFR 1910.1200Hazard Communication 2.8ANSI Document:4,8
ANSI/NCSL Z 540-1General Requirement for Calibration Laboratories and Measuring Test Equipment 2.9ISO Document:
ISO 10012-1Quality Assurance Requirements for Measur-ing Equipment 9
2.10AIA Document:
NAS 410Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel 10
2.11DoD Contracts—Unless otherwi specified,the edi-tions of the documents that are DoD adopted are tho listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defen Index of Specifications and Standards)cited in the solicitation.2.12Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between th
e text of this practice and the referenced documents cited herein,the text of this practice takes precedence.
3.Terminology
3.1Definitions —The definitions relating to magnetic par-ticle examination,which appear in Terminology E 1316,shall apply to the terms ud in this practice.
3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1Cognizant Engineering Organization —The company,agency,or other authority responsible for the system or component for which magnetic particle examination is re-quired.This,in addition to design personnel,may include personnel from material and process engineering,stress analy-sis,NDT or quality groups and others as appropriate.
4.Significance and U
4.1Description of Process —Magnetic particle examination consists of magnetizing the area to be examined,applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magne-tized,and subquently interpreting and evaluating any result-ing particle accumulations.Maximum detectabilit
y occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.
4.2This practice establishes the basic parameters for con-trolling the application of the magnetic particle method.This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing,specification,or contract.It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be ud by the inspector and,therefore,must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
5.General Practice
5.1Acceptance Requirements —The acceptance require-ments applicable to the part or group of parts shall be incorporated as part of the written procedure either specifically or by reference to other applicable documents,such as MIL-STD-1907,containing the necessary information.When parts are zoned,the acceptance criteria for each zone shall be specified.Methods for establishing acceptance requirements for large crankshaft forgings are covered in Specification A 45
6.Methods for establishing requirements for steel forg-ings are covered in Test Method A 275/A 275M .Methods for classifying metal castings are given in MIL-STD-2175and AMS 5355.
5.1.1Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness —The examination of aircraft-quality steel for cleanliness using magnetic particle examination shall be as appropriate to the type of steel being inspected.However,inspection of parts fabricated from this material shall be in accordance with the requirements of this practice.
5.2Personnel Qualification —Personnel performing exami-nations in accordance with this practice shall be qualified in accordance with ASNT Recommended Practice No.SNT-TC-1A ,ANSI/ASNT Standard CP-189,NAS 410,or as specified in the contract or purcha order.
5.3Agency Qualification —If specified in the contractual agreement,NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in E 543.The applicable edition of E 543shall be specified in the contractual agreement.
5.4Written Procedure —Magnetic particle examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure applicable to the part or group of parts under examination.The procedure shall be in accordance with the requirements of this Practice.The process,when conducted in accordance with the written procedure,shall be capable of detecting the rejectable discontinuities specified in the acceptance criteria.The written procedure may be general if it clearly applies to all of the specified pa
rts being examined and meets the requirements of this practice.All written procedures,including technique sheets for specific parts,shall be approved by an individual qualified and certified at Level III for magnetic particle examination in accordance with the requirements of 5.2.Procedures shall be
6
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk,DODSSP,Bldg.4,Section D,700Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia,PA 19111-50987
Available from U.S.Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732N.Capitol St.,NW,Mail Stop:SDE,Washington,DC 20401.8
Available from National Conference of Standards Laboratories,180030th St.Suite 305b,Boulder,CO.80301.9
Available from International Organization for Standardization,Ca Postale 56,Geneva,Switzerland.10
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America,Inc.(AIA),1250Eye St.,NW,Washington,DC
20005.
2
submitted to the Cognizant Engineering Organization for review,or approval,or both,when requested.
5.4.1Elements of the Written Procedure—The written procedure shall include at least the following elements,either directly or by reference to the applicable documents:
5.4.1.1Procedure identification number and the date it was written;
5.4.1.2Identification of the part(s)to which the procedure applies;this shall include the material and alloy;
5.4.1.3Sequence of magnetic particle examination as re-lated to manufacturing process operation,if applicable;
5.4.1.4Identification of test parts ud for system perfor-mance verification(e7.1.1and7.1.2);
5.4.1.5Areas of the part to be examined(include an illustration,either a drawing or photo);
5.4.1.6Part preparation required before examination;
5.4.1.7Directions for positioning the item with respect to the magnetizing equipment;
5.4.1.8The type of magnetizing current and the equipment to be ud;
5.4.1.9Method of establishing the magnetization(head, coil,prods,yoke,cable wrap,etc.);
5.4.1.10Directions of magnetization to be ud,the order in which they are applied,and any demagnetization procedures to be ud between shots;
5.4.1.11The current level,or the number of ampere turns,to be ud and the duration of its application;
5.4.1.12Type of magnetic particle material(dry or wet, visible orfluorescent,etc.)to be ud and the method and equipment to be ud for its application and,for the ca of wet particles,the particle concentration limits;
5.4.1.13Type of records and method of marking parts after examination;
5.4.1.14Acceptance requirements,to be ud for evaluating indications and disposition of parts after evaluation;and
5.4.1.15Post-examination demagnetization and cleaning re-quirements.
5.5Examination Sequence—Perform magnetic particle ex-amination after all operations which might cau or reveal discontinuities.Such operations include,but are not limited to, forging,heat treating,electroplating,forming,welding,grind-ing,straightening,machining,and proof loading.
5.5.1Perform magnetic particle examination prior to shot peening(to provide a beneficial compressive layer)and prior to applying protectivefinishes such as priming,painting,plating (e
6.1.2through6.1.4.5)or other coatings.没有终点的长假
5.5.2In-process examinations may not be substituted for final examination.
5.6Record of Examination—The results of all magnetic particle examinations shall be recorded.Records shall provide for traceability to the specific part or lot examined,rial number if rialized,and they shall identify the NDE contrac-tor or facility and the procedures ud in the examination,the lot size,and the number of parts accepted.All recorded results shall be identified,file
d,and made available for review by the contracting agency upon request.
5.7Lighting:
5.7.1Visible Light—Conduct visible light intensity mea-surements upon initial light installation or when changes occur that would cau the light intensity to change and at the intervals specified in Table1.
5.7.1.1Visible light shall be ud when examining with nonfluorescent magnetic particles and for interpretation of indications found withfluorescent magnetic particles.A mini-mum light intensity of100fc(1000lx)shall be available at the surface of the part undergoing examination or evaluation. 5.7.1.2Ambient Visible Light—Fluorescent magnetic par-ticle examinations shall be performed in a darkened area with a maximum ambient visible light level of2fc(20lx)measured at the part surface.
5.7.2Black Lights—Inspection black lights shall meet the requirements of7.3.5.The minimum acceptable intensity is 1000µW/cm2(10W/m2)at the surface being examined.Black lights shall be checked periodically for cleanliness and integ-rity and shall be cleaned,repaired or replaced as appropriate. Periodic checks of cleanliness/integrity need not be recorded.
5.7.3Restricted Area Examination—Where lamps are physically too large to directly illuminate the examination surface,special lighting,such as UV pencil lights or UV light guides or borescopes shall be ud.The image viewed must have sufficient resolution to effectively evaluate the required discontinuities.Light intensity shall be measured at the ex-pected working distance and shall meet the requirements of 5.7.1.1and5.7.2as appropriate.
奥尔维亚
5.8Materials:
5.8.1Dry Particle Requirements—Dry particles shall meet the requirements of AMS3040.
5.8.2Wet Particle Requirements—Wet particles shall meet the requirements of AMS3041,3042,3043,3044,3045,or 3046,as applicable.
5.8.3Suspension Vehicles—The suspension vehicle for the wet method shall be a light petroleum distillate conforming to AMS2641(Type I)or DoD-F-87935,or a suitably conditioned water that conforms to the requirements of 5.8.4.When approved by the contracting agency,AMS2641(Type II)may be ud.When specified,the oil suspension vehicle shall meet the salient characteristics specified in A-A-59230.
TABLE1Required Verification Intervals
Item Maximum Time
Between Verification A
Lighting:B
Visible light intensity(5.7.1.1)weekly
Ambient light intensity(5.7.1.2)weekly
Black light intensity(5.7.2,7.3.5)daily
System Performance:B(7.1,7.1.1,7.1.2)daily
Wet particle concentration(7.2.1.1)8hours,or every shift change
Wet particle contamination:B(7.2.1.2)1week
Water break test(7.2.2)daily
Equipment calibration check:B
Ammeter accuracy(7.3.1)6months
Timer control(7.3.2)6months
Quick break(7.3.3)6months
Yoke dead weight check(7.3.4)6months
Black and white light meters6months
Gaussmeter accuracy6months
A When the inspection system is in operation.
B The maximum time between verifications may be reduced or extended when substantiated by actual technical/reliability
data. 3
5.8.4Conditioned Water Vehicle—When water is ud as a suspension vehicle for magnetic particles,the conditioning agents ud shall comply with AS4792.Proper wetting shall be determined by a water break test(e7.2.2).Smoother surfaces generally require a greater percent of wetting agent than rough surfaces.Foaming of the bath must be minimized to the point that it does not interfere with the inspection process.
5.8.4.1Water Vehicle Conditioning Agents—Any agents added to the water vehicle for any purpo shall conform to the requirements of the particle manufacturer.
5.8.5Particle Concentration—The concentration of par-ticles in the suspension bath shall be as specified in the written procedure.Particle concentrations outside of the range of0.1to
0.4mL in a100-mL bath sample forfluorescent particles and
1.2to
2.4mL in a100mL sample for nonfluorescent particles shall not be ud.Fluorescent particles and nonfluorescent particles shall not be ud together.
6.Specific Practice
6.1Preparation of Parts for Examination:
6.1.1Preinspection Demagnetization—The part shall be demagnetized before examination if prior operations have produced a residual magneticfield that may interfere with the examination.
6.1.2Surface Cleanliness and Finish—The surface of the part to be examined shall be esntially smooth,clean,dry,and free of oil,scale,machining marks,or other contaminants or conditions that might interfere with the efficiency of the examination.
绿豆做法
6.1.3Plugging and Masking—Plugging and masking is required when specified by the Cognizant Engineering Orga-nization.
6.1.4Plating and Coatings—Examine parts which will receive either a plating or coating as follows:
6.1.4.1Examination is required prior to all non-electroplated coatings.
6.1.4.2Electroplated surfaces with afinal plating thickness of0.0008in.[0.02mm]or less shall be examined either before or after electroplating,or grinding,or both,of electroplated surfaces.
6.1.4.3Electroplated surfaces with afinal plating thickness of between0.0008in.[0.02mm]and0.0050in.
[0.13mm] shall be examined both before and after electroplating,or grinding,or both,of electroplated surfaces.
(1)Electroplated surfaces with afinal plating thickness of 0.0050in.[0.13mm]or greater shall be examined before electroplating,or grinding,or both,of electroplated surfaces.
(2)Magnetic particle examination after electroplating is not required for steels with a tensile strength less than or equal to160ksi.
6.1.4.4U caution when examining parts with an electro-plated nickel coating as indications may form in the nickel plating itlf.
6.1.4.5For in-rvice examination,plating or coatings do not require removal prior to examination unless they are damaged or they interfere with the examination process.
6.2Magnetization Methods:
6.2.1Types of Magnetizing Current—The types of currents ud for magnetic particle examination are full-wave rectified alternating(FWDC)current(1or3pha),half-wave rectified alternating(HWDC)current,and alternating(AC)current.The equipment ud shall fulfill the magnetizin
g and demagnetizing requirements adequately,as outlined herein,without damage to the part under examination,and they shall include the neces-sary features required for safe operation.
6.2.2Permanent Magnets—Permanent magnets are not to be ud for magnetic particle examination unless specifically authorized by the Cognizant Engineering Organization.When permanent magnets are ud,adequate magneticfield strength shall be established in accordance with
7.3.4.
西柚减肥法6.2.3Yokes—When using yokes(electromagnetic probes) for magnetic particle examination,adequate magneticfield strength shall be established in accordance with
7.3.4.
6.2.4Magnetizing Current Application—Alternating cur-rent is to be ud only for the detection of defects open to the surface.Full-wave rectified alternating current has the deepest possible penetration and must be ud for inspection for defects below the surface when using the wet magnetic particle method.Half-wave rectified alternating current is advanta-geous for the dry powder method becau it creates a pulsating unidirectionalfield that gives incread mobility to the par-ticles.
6.2.5Magnetic Field Directions—Discontinuities are diffi-cult to detect by the magnetic particle method when they make an angle less than45°to the direction of magnetization.To ensure the detection of discontinuities in any direction,each part must be magnetized in a minimum of two directions at approximately right angles to each other.Depending on part geometry,this may consist of circular magnetization in two or more directions,multiple circular and longitudinal magnetiza-tion,or of longitudinal magnetization in two or more direc-tions.The pie gage as illustrated in Fig.1or theflexible laminated strips as described in Annex A2may only be ud as a tool to demonstrate the direction of the external
magnetic FIG.1Pie-field Indicator for U in Magnetic Particle
Examination 4
field.Exceptions necessitated by part geometry,size,or other factors require specific approval of the Cognizant Engineering Organization.
6.2.6Multidirectional Magnetization—Multidirectional magnetization may be ud to fulfill the requirement for magnetization in two directions if it is demonstrated that it is effective in all areas.Test parts in accordance with6.3.1.1or shims manufactured to the requirements of AS5371,or as otherwi approved by the Cognizant Engineering Organiza-tion,shall be ud to verifyfield direction,strength,and balance in multidirectional magnetization.Balance of thefield intensity is critical.Thefield intensity shall be balanced in all directions.The particle application must be timed so that the magnetization levels reach full value in all directions while the particles are mobile on the surface under examination.
篆刻印章欣赏6.2.7Direct Magnetization—Direct magnetization is ac-complished by passing current directly through the part under examination.Electrical contact is made to the part using head and tail stock,prods,clamps,magnetic leeches,or by other means.Caution shall be taken to ensure that the electrical current is notflowing while contacts are being applied or removed and that excessive heating does not occur in the contact area.Unless otherwi specified by the Cognizant Engineering Organization,prods shall not be ud for the examination of aerospace components(flight hardware)or on finished surfaces.
6.2.8Indirect Magnetization—Indirect part magnetization us pre-formed coils,cable wraps,yokes,field(flux)flow fixtures,or a central conductor to induce a magneticfield in a part when no electrical contact is made.
6.2.9Induced Current Magnetization—Induced current magnetization(toroidal or circumferentialfield)is accom-plished by inductively coupling a part to an electrical coil to create a suitable currentflow in the part as illustrated in Fig.2. This method is often advantageous on ring-shaped parts with a central aperture and with an L/D ratio less than three,espe-cially where the elimination of arcing or burning is of vital importance.
新起航
6.2.10Parallel Current Induced Magnetization—This method of magnetization may occur when a ferromagnetic part is placed alongside and parallel to a current-carrying conduc-tor.A magneticfield will be induced in the part that is more transver than circular.This type of magnetization shall not be ud for magnetic particle examination unless approved by the CEO.
6.2.11Magnetization of Aerospace Lifting Hardware—The u of permanent magnets,electromagnetic yokes,coil wraps or prods on aerospace lifting hardware must be approved by the Cognizant Engineering Organization.
6.3Magnetic Field Strength:
6.3.1Magnetic Field Strength—The applied magneticfield shall have sufficient strength to produce satisfactory indica-tions,but it must not be so strong that it caus the masking of relevant indications by nonrelevant accumulations of magnetic particles.Adequate magneticfield strength may be determined by one or a combination of the following methods:
6.3.1.1By examining parts having known or artificial dis-continuities of the type,size,and location specified in the acceptance requirements or by using the notched shims as defined in Annex A1;
6.3.1.2By using a Hall effect probe gaussmeter capable of measuring the peak values of the tangentialfield as described in Appendix X4;and
6.3.1.3By using the current levels specified in6.3.4or6.3.5 or the formulas given in Appendix X5.The current levels and formulas provide only a rough guide and shall only be ud in conjunction with either6.3.1.1,or6.3.1.2,or CEO approval,or
a combination thereof.
6.3.2Tangential-field strengths shall have a minimum value of30Gauss(30310-4Tesla[T])when measured at the part surface using a Hall effect probe gaussmeter as described in Appendix X4.Ensure that adequatefield strengths are prent in the areas of the part to be examined.
6.3.3Magnetization Current Levels—The current values given in6.3.4and6.3.5are average current values and are applied directly to full-wave rectified current.For other
types When the magneticfield in the magnetizing coil suddenly collaps,an eddy current will be generated in the ring-shaped part.
减脂增肌餐
The eddy current produces a resultant toroidalfield that may be ud to detect circumferential discontinuities in the part.
FIG.2Example of Induced Current
Magnetization
5
