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Lesson 9 Forage Production
Part A Forage Establishment
Field lection
Suitable forage species are available for all types of Manitoba soils and moisture conditions. U Table 9-1 and Table 9-2 as a guide for lecting hay and pasture forages for different soil conditions.
Perennial weeds are difficult to control in edling forages, and should be controlled before establishment. If conventional tillage practices are being ud, prepare a fine, firm, shallow ed bed. Increasingly, forage growers are successfully establishing forage stands without tillage. Benefits of zero-tillage forage establishment are:1 lower costs and less labour; 2 better ed bed moisture conrvation; 3 standing 'dead mulch' protects an emerging crop from drying-out and sandblasting.
合适的牧草品种可用于马尼托巴湖所有类型的土壤和水分条件。使用表9-1和9-2 作为选作物
不同土壤条件的干草和牧场牧草的指南。
牧草幼苗期的多年生杂草很难控制，应当在建立前控制，如果使用常规实践，准备一个精细，坚定，浅的种床 ，逐渐的 ，牧草种植者成功的建立了无耕作的饲料站。零耕作牧草建立的利益是1.降低成本和低的劳动力2.更好地保持种床水分，3.长期有效的死物质覆盖保护作物免受干旱胁迫和风沙的危害。
Seeding
Inoculation
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Treating legume eds with an appropriate inoculant ensures good nitrogen(N) fixation,and should be carried out before eding. Inoculant contains living rhizobium bacteria, and must be handled carefully to ensure viability. Keep inoculant in the aled original container, store in a refrigerator until required and do not expo to direct sunlight. Plant immediately after inoculation. If eding is interrupted, store ed in a cool, dark place and resume eding when possible.
Pre-inoculated ed is also available. Store ed in a cool, dark place to keep the inoculant viable. Each legume or group of legumes requires a specific species of rhizobium bacteria for N fixation. Ensure that the inoculant you buy is appropriate for the crop being eded.
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Alfalfa Group -alfalfa and sweet clover
Clover Group -for red clover, white clover and alsike clover
Bird's-foot -bird's-foot trefoil only
Sainfoin -Sainfoin only
用一个合适的接种菌处理豆科种子确保好的固氮，并应该在播种前实现。接种菌包括活的根瘤菌，并且必须仔细操作以确保生存。把接种菌保持在一个密封的原容器中，储存在冰箱中直到需要并且不要直接暴露在太阳光下。接种后立即种植。如果中断播种，种子储藏在冷的黑暗的地方，能够恢复播种。
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预先接种也是有效的，种子保存在冷的，黑暗的地方能保持接种细菌的生存。每一个豆类或者豆科牧草都需要一个特定的固氮根瘤菌种，确保购买的接种菌适合于已经播种的作物。
紫花苜蓿组——紫花苜蓿，草木犀
三叶草组——红三叶，白三叶，杂三叶
豆科牧草——车轴草
红豆草——只有红豆草
Seed coating
Grass, which are very light in weight, are difficult to ed. To improve the ed flow characteristics, the eds are frequently encad within a coating of heavier material. This material is usually an inert substance, such as clay, mixed with some fertilizer to pro
mote rapid establishment of the stand. When using coated ed, it is important to adjust the eding rate to account for the coating.
禾本科牧草，种子的重量很轻，很难繁殖。改良种子流动特性，这些种子经常被包裹在一层较重的材料里。这种材料通常是惰性物质，如粘土，夹杂着一些肥料促进迅速建立该站。当使用包衣种子，重要的是考虑到调节包衣种子的播种量。
Time of eding
The best time to ed forages is in the early spring, as soon as field conditions permit. The cool, moist conditions of early spring are most favorable for the germination and growth of both grass and legumes. The moist conditions also allow for a shallow eding depth, which is very important for quick establishment of the forage crop. If there is adequate moisture, forages can be eded from late July to mid-August. During this period, only grass should be eded. The legumes require a longer growing period to ensure winter survival.
Dormant fall eding can be attempted when the soil temperatures approach the freezing point and germination is unlikely. The ed germinates in the spring when the growing conditions will be clo to ideal, however, an early snowfall can rai the soil temperature sufficiently to cau the ed to germinate in the fall and die over winter. U dormant eding in problem areas
That are not suitable for eding in the spring and summer.
种牧草的最佳时间是在早春，实地条件允许的情况下尽快播种。初春的凉爽，潮湿的环境最有利于禾本科和豆科植物的发芽和生长。在潮湿的环境下也允许播种深度浅，这是非常重要的对于饲料作物的快速建立。如果有足够的水分，牧草播种，从七月下旬到八月中旬。在此期间，只有禾本科草可能会结实种子。豆类需要较长的生长周期，以确保越冬。灭火器有那几种
休眠秋季播种，，可以尝试，当土壤温度接近冰点，发芽的可能性不大。种子在春天发芽，生长条件接近理想，但是，及早的降雪可提高土壤温度足以使种子在秋季发芽和越冬死亡。使用休眠直播的问题领域这是不适合在春季和夏季播种
Seeding equipment
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Disc drills will work well, provided the ed is not placed too deep. U depth-control bands mounted on discs, or relea down-pressure from discs to let them float on a soil surface. Another option is to remove downspouts and drop ed in front of discs or hoes, allowing soil thrown up by the openers to cover the ed. Alternatively, ed tubes can be moved back to drop ed behind the openers, in front of the press wheels. Broadcast eding is satisfactory when ed is spread uniformly and packed properly. Spinner spreaders do not spread ed uniformly, especially when a ed mixture is ud. Drum eders work well where stones are a problem. Forage ed is metered from a ed box in front of a large roller, which when weighted with water will pack down stones and firm the ed bed.
