资金规划欧洲文化入门要点
WEEK 1-3
Reformation and Counter-Reformation P138-139
The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It begin with Martin Luther‘s 95 thesis in 1517.
This movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible,
The demands of the reformists:
---direct communication between the individual and God
---simplifying rituals
---abolishing heavy taxes levied on their countrymen
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--abolishing the indulgences
1) Pre-Luther Religious Reformers
John Wycliffe (about 1330?a1384) p-139
实践单位意见评语
Chief forerunner of Reformation. English theologian and religious reformer.
He believed that Christ is man??s only overlord and that salvation depends upon predestination and grace rather than on membership of a visible church.
赛迪传媒He took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.
Jan Hus (1372-1415)
A Bohemian Czech religious leader, theologian. Attacked the abus of the Church/ was imprisoned and exiled/ was burnt at stake / the Hus War
2) Martin Luther(1483-1546) and His Doctrines
Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.
Beginning of the Reformation p-140
Translation of the Bible
Gospel of love and Ideas of Equality
In the history of Germany, Martin Luther was more than a religious leader, he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system and a writer who forceful language helped fix the standards of the modern German language
3) John Calvin (1509-1564) and Calvinism
Calvin was a French theologian.
His Institutes of the Christian Religion was considered one of the most influential theologi
cal works of all times.
Presbyterian government
Calvinism stresd the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only tho specially elected by God are saved.
Calvinism was one of the main cours of the capitalist spirit
4) Reformation in England p-143
John Knox Scottish Presbyterianism
Henry VIII / matrimonial affairs / Catherine Aragon / Anne Boleyn
In 1534, the Act of Supremacy marked the formal break of the British with the papal
authorities. Thomas Cromwell---Vicar-Gene ral of the Church, King’s Chief Minister further broke from the Pope, clod the monasteries, took away their land and introduced church reforms.
In England, the question of reform was not fundamentally one of belief or interpretation of the Bible but one of rejection of the supremacy of the Pope.地下森林
5) Counter-Reformation p-144
从字开头的成语
Council of Trent
人生八苦原句
The ssions of the Council reaffirmed that the Church had the sole right to interpret the Bible. The Council declared that the Latin Vulgate of Jerome to be the definitive translation of the text. It was also stresd that Catholicism was a religion of infallible authority.
The Catholic Reformation, that is, counter-reformation afterwards was to a great extent occupied with the principles and requirements laid down at the council of Trent.
Ignatius and the Jesuits p-145
Ignatius was a Spaniard who devoted his life to defending the Roman Catholic Church.
小插图
Ignatius and his followers called themlves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.
Today the Society of Jesus is still active with a membership of 31000, having institutions in various parts of the world.
6) Protestantism and the Ri of Capitalism p--146
Reformation movement broke the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church. Protestantism came into being.
Liberal ideas
Science
Calvinism
老人腿抽筋Navigation and discoveries of new lands
7) Conclusion P147
In education and cultural matters
In religion
In language
In spirit
D. Renaissance in Other Countries
The influence of the Italian Renaissance reached every corner of Europe.
In France
In Spain
In the north: Flanders
In the Netherlands
In Germany
In England
In one word, Renaissance in Europe ¨produced giants in power of thought, passion and character, in universality and learning.”
1)Renaissance in France
Historical Background
A whole generation of humanists emerged in France. They began to study Greek
culture and philosophy and this gave ri to writings of Ronsard, Rabelais and Montaigne.
