AmericanEnlightenment
American Enlightenment
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The American Enlightenment is a period of intellectual ferment in the thirteen American colonies in the period 1714–1818, which led to the American Revolution, and the creation of the American Republic. Influenced by the 18th-century European Enlightenment, and its own native American Philosophy, the American Enlightenment applied scientific reasoning to politics, science, and religion, promoted religious tolerance, and restored literature, the arts, and music as important disciplines and professions worthy of study in colleges. The "new-model" American style colleges of King's College New York (now Columbia University), and the College of Philadelphia (now Penn) were founded, Yale College and the College of William & Mary were reformed, and a non-denominational moral philosophy replaced theology in many college curricula; even Puritan colleges such as the College of New Jery (now Princeton) and Harvard reformed their curricula to include natural philoso
phy (science), modern astronomy, and math. The foremost reprentatives of the American Enlightenment included men who were presidents of colleges: Puritan religious leaders Jonathan Edwards, Thomas Clap, and Ezra Stiles, and Anglican moral philosophersSamuel Johnson and William Smith. The leading Enlightenment political thinkers were John Adams, James Madison, James Wilson, and Alexander Hamilton, and polymaths Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson.
Contents
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· 1 Dates
· 2 Religious tolerance
· 3 Intellectual currents
· 4 Architecture
·
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5 Republicanism
· 6 European sources
· 7 Liberalism and republicanism
· 8 "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness"春节的谚语
· 9 Deism
· 10 Religious tolerance
Dates[edit]
Various dates for the American Enlightenment have been propod, including the dates 1750-1820,[1] 1765 to 1815,[2] and 1688-1815.[3] One somewhat more preci start date propod [4] is the introduction of a collection of donated Enlightenment books by Colonial Agent Jeremiah Dummer into the library of the small college of Yale at Saybro
ok Point, Connecticut on or just after October 15, 1714. They were received by a young post-graduate student Samuel Johnson, of Guilford Connecticut, who studied the Enlightenment works. Finding they contradicted all his hard learned Puritan learning, he wrote, using the metaphors of light that would soon be ud to characterize the age, that, “All this was like a flood of day to his low state of mind”,[5] and that “he found himlf like one at once emerging out of the glimmer of twilight into the full sunshine of open day." Two years later in 1716 as a Yale Tutor, Johnson introduced a new curriculum into Yale using the donated Dummer books, offering what Johnson called "The New Learning",[6]which included the works and ideas of Francis Bacon, John Locke, Isaac Newton, Boyle, Copernicus, and literary works by Shakespeare, Milton, and Addison.Joph Ellis has traced the impact of the newly introduced Enlightenment ideas on the Yale Commencement Thesis of 1718.[7]
Religious tolerance[edit]
A switch from ctarian politics and established religion in many states to religious toleran
ce, ecumenicalism, and the distablishment of state religion was one of the distinguishing features of the American Enlightenment. The passage of the new电子商务发展现状 Connecticut Constitution on October 5, 1818, overturned the 180-year-old "Standing Order" and the The Connecticut Charter of 1662, who provisions dated back to the founding of the state in 1638 and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut; it has been propod as a date for the triumph if not the end of the American Enlightenment.[8] The new constitution guaranteed freedom of religion, distablished the Congregational church, and ended the last effective theocracy in America.
Intellectual currents[edit]
Between 1714 and 1818 a great intellectual change took place that changed the British Colonies of America from a distant backwater into a leader in the fields of moral philosophy, educational reform, religious revival, industrial technology, science, and, most notably, political philosophy. It saw the distablishment of religion in all the states, and a connsus on a "pursuit of happiness" bad political philosophy.
Architecture[edit]
After 1780, the Federal-style of American Architecture began to diverge from the Georgian style and became a uniquely American genre; in 1813, the American architect Ithiel Town designed and in 1814-1816 built the first Gothic Style church in North America,咖啡的作用是什么 Trinity Church on the Green苏洵 in New Haven, predating the English Gothic revival by a decade. In the fields of literature, poetry, music and drama some nascent artistic attempts were made, particularly in pre-war Philadelphia, but American (non-popular) culture in the fields was largely imitative of British culture for most of the period, and is generally considered not very distinguished.
Republicanism[edit]
Politically, the age is distinguished by an emphasis upon economic liberty, republicanism 教诲什么意思and religious tolerance, as clearly expresd in the United States Declaration of Independence. Attempts to reconcilescience and religion resulted in a rejection of prophecy, miracle, and revealed religion, resulting in an inclination toward dei
sm among some major political leaders of the age. American republicanism emphasized connt of the government, riddance of aristocracy, and fear of corruption. It reprented the convergence of classical republicanism and English republicanism (of 17th century Commonwealthmen and 18th century English Country Whigs).[9]
J.G.A. Pocock explained the intellectual sources in America:[10]
“ | The Whig canon and the neo-Harringtonians, John Milton, James Harrington and Sidney,Trenchard, Gordon and Bolingbroke, together with the Greek, Roman, and Renaissance masters of the tradition as far as Montesquieu, formed the authoritative literature of this culture; and its values and concepts were tho with which we have grown familiar: a civic and patriot ideal in which the personality was founded in property, perfected in citizenship but perpetually threatened by corruption; government figuring paradoxically as the principal source of corruption and operating through such means as patronage, faction, standing armies (oppod to the ideal of the militia); established churches (oppod to the Puritan and deist modes of American religion); and the promotion of a monied interest—though the formulation of this last concept was somewhat hindered by the keen desire for readily available paper credit common in colonies of ttlement. | ” |
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European sources[edit]
