美语发⾳phrareductionsandintonation
Session Thirteen
1. Phra Reductions
2. Intonation Phra
Hi, and welcome back. Again my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation Workshops---Thirteenth Training Session. In this ssion, we will cover Phra Reductions and Intonation. Ok, what do I mean by Phra Reductions, well, in conversational English, words are often broken down or not fully pronunciated. Two and three words are sometimes squeezed together to create easy-to-say phras. I’ll show you what I mean. Look at this phra. Going to try. When we reduce the phra. It becomes Gonna try. All we do is combine the words. I’m gonna try to finish this book. Repeat with me. Gonna try. “Want to eat” becomes “Wanna eat”. Do you wanna eat at 7 O’clock. Repeat with me. Wanna eat “Have to start”becomes “Hafta start”. I really hafta start studing for that text. Repeat. Hafta start. “Has to try” becomes “Hasta try”. He hasta try harder. Repeat. Hasta try. “Got to leave” becomes “Gotta leave”.I really gotta leave in fifteen minutes. Repeat. Gotta leave.“Ought to believe” becomes “oughta believe”.She really oughta believe what he is saying. Repeat. Oughta believe. “Out of bed” bec
omes “outa bed”.I got outa bed when I heard the alarm clock. Repeat. Outa bed.
“Did you go” becomes “Didja go”. D idja go to the store Repeat. Didja go. “Would he help” becomes “Woody help”. Woody help me move the furniture Repeat. Woody help. “Won’t you play” becomes “Woncha play”. And don’t forget about that correct O sound in the word Won’ t. Woncha play one more s ong on the piano Repeat. Woncha play. “Didn’t you
know”becomes “Didincha know”Didincha know that she was coming home tomorrow Repeat. Donincha know “Is he”becomes “Izzy” Izzy the one that called Repeat. Izzy. “What do you want” becomes “whadaya want”. Repeat. Whadaya want.“Give it to me” becomes “Gividame”. Gividame right now. Repeat. Gividame.
Very good. You’ll find the better you’re good at speaking English, the more you’ll be using the phra reductions. The key is to still be easily understood. Yo u’ll find that almost all of the rules that I have told you, especially the ones having to do with voicing remain the same.
In the last example Gividame. The only big change comes from the Ts being pronounced as Ds and this happens becau the Ts fall between two vowel sounds. If you remember an American pronunciation when Ts fall between two vowels, they become voiced and are pronounced as Ds. No
w even though you may at times to speak quickly and u the reduced phras in your conversations, y ou’ll still be easily understood as long as you continue to u the pronunciation rules that I’ve been showing you throughout this program.
Ok, now we’re going to talk about Intonation. English is a very musical language. As we speak our words and phras go all the way up and then they come all the way down, much like the mus ic does. Now as you can e. I’m trying to give you a good example of intonation. This keeps our speech interesting and it helps to get our message across. Now, listen to this.
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Many foreign-borned speakers of English u a flat intonation pattern or in monotonous tone. This can create uninteresting and misunderstood speech. Everything is very flat.
Ok, I hope you ca n e from that example what I’m talking about. Monotonous speech can be very boring and difficult to listen to. U correct intonation to make people want to listen to you. It’s generally easy to guess what country a speaker is from just by their accent. Each language has its own characteristic rhythm and melody. Some languages u a wide range of tones and change in pitch with the melody going up and coming down. And other languages sound very flat. The characteristics of languages called intonation. Even though they distinguish one language from anot
her, they are rarely taught. Now in American English, words that carry the highest information of value in a ntence are given more emphasis with
increa loudness—a higher pitch and sometimes a longer duration. Listen to my intonation and notice how I slowly step up and then I work my way down again. Listen to the following made-up advertiment for Diane’s Donuts. Listen to how the words in each ntence are stresd.
Have you ever tried one of Diane’s Donuts They are so delicious. I have eaten many different kinds of donuts, from all over the country; however, I have never tasted anything, quite like Donuts made by Diane. I have been told that she us the finest and freshest ingredients that money can buy. The best flour, the best eggs and the best milk. I am sure, that once you taste the incredible donuts, you will run and tell all of your friends.
Now I recommend that you practi that paragraph again along with me. Do your best and emphasize the important words by increasing your loudness as well as raising your pitch. Ok Very good. Now let’s talk about Asking Questions. Notice how my voice goes up at the end of a question, like this. Are you sleeping And notice how my voice comes down at the end of the ntence. That is not a question. He is not sleeping. Very often if you d on’t u proper intonation when asking a question.
The person you’re speaking to won’t understand that you’ve even asked them question to begin with. So rising up at the end of a question is very important. Ok, now let’s talk about Syllable Stress. In words that contain more than one syllable. There’s always one syllable which receives the most stress or giving a higher pitch. Now although there are many exceptions, it is most common that 2 syllable words have stress on the 1st syllable. Let’s go over some examples. Repeat after me.
Sofa
Oven
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Finger
Station
Second
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Often
Uncle
Carpet
Father
Children
Walking
Jacket
Lucky
Comment
Good. Now here are a few Two-Syllable words that are stresd on the cond syllable.
Delete
Decline
Survive
Protect
Adopt
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Advance
Below
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Advice
Acquit
Control
Arrive
Involve
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Massage
Dia
Relate
Very good. Now again. Although there are exceptions. Most Three -Syllable words are stresd on the cond syllable. Reduction
Arrangement
Audition
Companion
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Ambitious
Companion
Appliance
Discover
Unlawful
Conclusion
Asmble
Adjustment
Affected
Acceptance
Ferocious
Very good. Practi using syllable stress in the ntences.
The pictures are fantastic.
He needs permission to find a solution.
The party is in honor of his retirement.
Her son exhibited bad behavior on their vacation.
Very good. You know stress and intonation can have a big impact on the meaning you’re trying to get across. Let’s compare some of the ntences.
Joe drinks cheap wine.
Sue only drinks expensive wine.
Don’t forget his birthday.
We would never forget his birthday.
She’s planning to leave tomorrow.
He made plans to leave a month ago.
The Teacher’s meeting is at 9:00.
The students announced that they will never have a meeting.
My telephone isn’t working.
The telephone needs to work by lunchtime.
He’s painting his hou blue and green.
Your hou would look terrible if it were green.
Very good. Well, I hope you have fun with this ssion. You may wanna watch this one again and go over it a few more times. Now when you’re speaking to people in English, try to bring more intonation into your conversations, you’ll find that you’ll be better underst ood. Thank you for watching. I’m Paul Gruber for the Pronunciation Workshop and I’ll e you at our next ssion. Goodbye！
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