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INTERNATIONAL LAW
PART I ............................................................................................................................ 1 PART II ........................................................................................................................... 2 PART III ......................................................................................................................... 8 PART IV ....................................................................................................................... 11 PART V ........................................................................................................................ 14 PART VI ....................................................................................................................... 20 PART VII ...................................................................................................................... 23 PART VIII ..................................................................................................................... 30 PART IX ....................................................................................................................... 30 PART X ........................................................................................................................ 31 PART XI ....................................................................................................................... 32 PART XII ...................................................................................................................... 54 PART XIII ..................................................................................................................... 65 PART XIV .................................................................................................................... 71 PART XV ..........................
........................................................................................... 74 PART XVI .................................................................................................................... 79 PART XVII ................................................................................................................... 80 FINAL PROVISIONS . (80)
PART I
INTRODUCTION
Article 1
U of terms and scope
1. For the purpos of this Convention:
漂亮男宝宝图片(1) "Area" means the abed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;
(2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;
(3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;
(4) "pollution of the marine environment" means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment, including estuaries, which results or is likely to result in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources and marine life, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate us of the a, impairment of quality for u of a water and reduction of amenities; (5) (a) "dumping" means:
(i) any deliberate disposal of wastes or other matter from vesls, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at a;
(ii) any deliberate disposal of vesls, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at a;
(b) "dumping" does not include:
(i) the disposal of wastes or other matter incidental to, or derived from the normal operations of vesls, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at a and their equipment, other than wastes or other matter transported by or to vesls, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures
at a, operating for the purpo of disposal of such matter or derived from the treatment of such wastes or other matter on such vesls, aircraft, platforms or structures;
(ii) placement of matter for a purpo other than the mere disposal thereof, provided that such placement is not contrary to the aims of this Convention.
2. (1) "States Parties" means States which have connted to be bound by this Convention and for which this Convention is in force.
(2) This Convention applies mutatis mutandis to the entities referred to in article 305, paragraph l(b), (c), (d), (e) and (f), which become Parties to this Convention in accordance with the conditions relevant to each, and to that extent "States Parties" refers to tho entities.
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PART II
TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE
SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article2
Legal status of the territorial a, of the air space over the territorial a and of its bed and subsoil
1. The sovereignty of a coastal State extends, beyond its land territory and internal waters and, in the ca of an archipelagic State, its archipelagic waters, to an adjacent belt of a, described as the territorial a.
2. This sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial a as well as to its bed and subsoil.
3. The sovereignty over the territorial a is exercid subject to this Convention and to other rules of international law.
SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA
Article3
Breadth of the territorial a
Every State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial a up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from balines determined in accordance with this Convention.
Article4
Outer limit of the territorial a
The outer limit of the territorial a is the line every point of which is at a distance from the nearest point of the baline equal to the breadth of the territorial a.
Article5 Normal baline
Except where otherwi provided in this Convention, the normal
baline for measuring the breadth of the territorial a is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State.
Article6 Reefs
In the ca of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baline for measuring the breadth of the territorial a is the
award low-water line of the reef, as shown by the appropriate symbol on charts officially recognized by the coastal State.
Article7 Straight balines
1. In localities where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into, or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity, the method of straight balines joining appropriate points may be employed in drawing the baline from which the breadth of the territorial a is measured.
2. Where becau of the prence of a delta and other natural
conditions the coastline is highly unstable, the appropriate points may be lected along the furthest award extent of the low-water line and, notwithstanding subquent regression of the low-water line, the straight balines shall remain effective until changed by the coastal State in accordance with this Convention.
3. The drawing of straight balines must not depart to any appreciable extent from the general direction of the coast, and the a areas lying within the lines must be sufficiently cloly linked to the land domain to be subject to the regime of internal waters.
4. Straight balines shall not be drawn to and from low-tide elevations, unless lighthous or similar installations which are permanently above a level have been built on them or except in instances
where the drawing of balines to and from such elevations has received general international recognition.
5. Where the method of straight balines is applicable under paragraph 1, account may be taken, in determining particular balines, of
关键在人economic interests peculiar to the region concerned, the reality and the importance of which are clearly evidenced by long usage.
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6. The system of straight balines may not be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off the territorial a of another State from the high as or an exclusive economic zone.
Article8 Internal waters
1. Except as provided in Part IV, waters on the landward side of the baline of the territorial a form part of the internal waters of the State.
2. Where the establishment of a straight baline in accordance with the method t forth in article 7
has the effect of enclosing as internal waters areas which had not previously been considered as such, a right of innocent passage as provided in this Convention shall exist in tho waters.
Article9 Mouths of rivers
If a river flows directly into the a, the baline shall be a straight line across the mouth of the river between points on the low-water line of its banks.
Article10 Bays
1. This article relates only to bays the coasts of which belong to a single State.
2. For the purpos of this Convention, a bay is a well-marked
indentation who penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land-locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. An indentation shall not, however, be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of the mi-circle who diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.
3. For the purpo of measurement, the area of an indentation is that lying between the low-water m
ark around the shore of the indentation and a line joining the low-water mark of its natural entrance points. Where, becau of the prence of islands, an indentation has more than one mouth, the mi-circle shall be drawn on a line as long as
the sum total of the lengths of the lines across the different mouths.
Islands within an indentation shall be included as if they were part of the water area of the indentation.
4. If the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay does not exceed 24 nautical miles, a closing line may be drawn between the two low-water marks, and the waters enclod thereby shall be considered as internal waters.
5. Where the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay exceeds 24 nautical miles, a straight baline of 24 nautical miles shall be drawn within the bay in such a manner as to enclo the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length.
6. The foregoing provisions do not apply to so-called "historic" bays, or in any ca where the system of straight balines provided for in article 7 is applied.
Article11 Ports
For the purpo of delimiting the territorial a, the outermost
permanent harbour works which form an integral part of the harbour system are regarded as forming part of the coast. Off-shore installations and artificial islands shall not be considered as permanent harbour works.
作风纪律整顿Article12 Roadsteads
Roadsteads which are normally ud for the loading, unloading and anchoring of ships, and which would otherwi be situated wholly or partly outside the outer limit of the territorial a, are included in the territorial a.
Article13 Low-tide elevations
1. A low-tide elevation is a naturally formed area of land which is
surrounded by and above water at low tide but submerged at high tide. Where a low-tide elevation is situated wholly or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial a from the mainland or an
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island, the low-water line on that elevation may be ud as the baline for measuring the breadth of the territorial a.
2. Where a low-tide elevation is wholly situated at a distance
exceeding the breadth of the territorial a from the mainland or an island, it has no territorial a of its own.
Article14
Combination of methods for determining balines
The coastal State may determine balines in turn by any of the methods provided for in the foregoing articles to suit different conditions.
Article15
Delimitation of the territorial a between States
with opposite or adjacent coasts
Where the coasts of two States are opposite or adjacent to each other, neither of the two States is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its territorial a beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the balines from which the breadth of the territorial as of each of the two States is measured. The above provision does not apply, however, where it is necessary by reason of historic title or other special
circumstances to delimit the territorial as of the two States in a way which is at variance therewith.
Article16
Charts and lists of geographical coordinates
水果素描图片
1. The balines for measuring the breadth of the territorial a determined in accordance with articles 7, 9 and 10, or the limits
derived therefrom, and the lines of delimitation drawn in accordance with articles 12 and 15 shall be shown on charts of a scale or scales adequate for ascertaining their position. Alternatively, a list of
geographical coordinates of points, specifying the geodetic datum, may be substituted.
2. The coastal State shall give due publicity to such charts or lists of geographical coordinates and shall deposit a copy of each such chart or list with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
师带徒总结SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEA
SUBSECTION A. RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPS
Article17
Right of innocent passage
Subject to this Convention, ships of all States, whether coastal or
land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial a.
记忆材料Article18 Meaning of passage
1. Passage means navigation through the territorial a for the purpo of:
(a) traversing that a without entering internal waters or calling at a roadstead or port facility outside internal waters; or
(b) proceeding to or from internal waters or a call at such roadstead or port facility.
2. Passage shall be continuous and expeditious. However, passage includes stopping and anchoring, but only in so far as the same are incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered necessary by force majeure or distress or for the purpo of rendering assistance to persons, ships or aircraft in danger or distress.
Article19
Meaning of innocent passage
1. Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or curity of the coastal State. Such passage shall take place in conformity with this Convention and with other rules of international law.
2. Passage of a foreign ship shall be considered to be prejudicial to the peace, good order or curity of the coastal State if in the territorial a it engages in any of the following activities:
(a) any threat or u of force against the sovereignty,
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territorial integrity or political independence of the coastal State, or in any other manner in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations;
(b) any exerci or practice with weapons of any kind; (c) any act aimed at collecting information to the prejudice of the defence or curity of the coastal State;
(d) any act of propaganda aimed at affecting the defence or curity of the coastal State;
(e) the launching, landing or taking on board of any aircraft;
(f) the launching, landing or taking on board of any military device;
(g) the loading or unloading of any commodity, currency or person contrary to the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State; (h) any act of wilful and rious pollution contrary to this Convention;
(i) any fishing activities;
(j) the carrying out of rearch or survey activities; (k) any act aimed at interfering with any systems of
风景的景怎么写communication or any other facilities or installations of the coastal State;
(l) any other activity not having a direct bearing on passage.
Article20
Submarines and other underwater vehicles
In the territorial a, submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag.
Article21
Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage 1. The coastal State may adopt laws and regulations, in conformity with the provisions of this Convention and other rules of international law, relating to innocent passage through the territorial a, in respect of all or any of the following:
(a) the safety of navigation and the regulation of maritime traffic;
(b) the protection of navigational aids and facilities and other facilities or installations;
(c) the protection of cables and pipelines;
(d) the conrvation of the living resources of the a; (e) the prevention of infringement of the fisheries laws and regulations of the coastal State;
(f) the prervation of the environment of the coastal State and the prevention, reduction and control of pollution thereof;
(g) marine scientific rearch and hydrographic surveys; (h) the prevention of infringement of the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State.
2. Such laws and regulations shall not apply to the design, construction, manning or equipment of foreign ships unless they are giving effect to generally accepted international rules or standards.
3. The coastal State shall give due publicity to all such laws and regulations.
4. Foreign ships exercising the right of innocent passage through the territorial a shall comply with all such laws and regulations and all generally accepted international regulations relating to the prevention of collisions at a.
Article22
Sea lanes and traffic paration schemes in the territorial a
