Lecture 5 The Translation of English Attributive Claus
A comparative study of English and Chine attributive structures
1. This is the cat.
2. This is the cat that killed the rat.螺旋面
大学体育3. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake.
4. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that lay in the hou.
5. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that lay in the hou that Jack built.
1.这就是那只猫。
自我成长作文2.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。
3.这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的猫。
4.这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。
5.这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。
Apparently, it’s impossible for a translator to put all the information into one Chine ntence in the same quence as in English. Therefore, a readable Chine version of the above English ntences 3,4,5 should be like the：
3.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫，那只老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。
4.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫，那只老鼠偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕。
5.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫，那只老鼠偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕，房子是杰克修建的。
Conclusion:英语的定语从句为右开放型，放在被修饰词语后，一个句子可以向右扩展成无数个从句；而汉语则不然，定语部分置于被修饰词左边，不能像英语那样随意地扩展。因此，我们在翻译复杂的英语定语从句时，最有效的方法就是将其切分为一个个短句再分别处理。
比喻：葡萄和竹竿——有些语言学家形象地将英语句子称为“葡萄型”结构，葡萄主干很短，
其上附结着丰硕的果实。而汉语句子则较短，一个短句接着一个短句地往下叙述，逐步展开，内容像竹竿一样一节一节展开，而常被称为“竹竿型”结构。
I. Preposition前置法：把英语限定性定语从句译成带 “的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。
读书人家The man who gave us a report yesterday was a model worker.
This is a book which tells about rocket technology.
1. He is not the one who will give up easily.
2. I still remember tho happy days when we were at college.
3. They are the engineers that designed the new-type machine.
4. The hotel where we stayed while in London was both inexpensive and comfortable.
白话讲解II. Postposition后置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。采用这种方法可避免句子的冗长和累赘。
2.1 Repeating antecedent
I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.
1. He has learned French, which he thinks is the most beautiful language in the world.
2. He had talked to Vice-President Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.
3. They are striving for the ideal which is clo to the heart of every Chine and for which, in the past, many Chine have laid down their lives.
2.2 Using pronoun
非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。有时，关系代词并不仅仅只是指代先行词，它还指代前面整个句子的内容。这时，我们一般将其译成“这”或“这一点”。
Mr. Smith, who came to e me yesterday, is a relative of my wife’s.
He ems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upts me.
1. She has two brothers, who are both doctors.
2. Man cannot live on the moon, where there is no air and water.
3. They drove to the railway station, where they departed.
4. We have six American teachers, who can’t speak Chine.。
5. He admired Mrs. Brown, which surpris me most.
6. She was very patient towards the children, which her husband ldom was.
2.3 Omitting the antecedent
His wife, Betty, is Shanghai-born Chine who left China at the age of eight, and who book “Moon”, tells of her sister’s life in China.
1. He spoke confidently, which impresd me most.
担心你
2. We have two spare rooms upstairs, neither of which has been much ud in the past two years.
3. Tho who are in favor plea hold up their hands.
III. Fusion/Mixture融合法是指翻译时打破原文的句子结构，译者根据自己对原文的正确理解用自己的话译出原文的意思。
3.1 译成谓语：这种方法通常用于“there be”结构和另外一种情况，即：英语主句比较简单，重点在于定语从句，这时，译者可将主句译成简单句的主语，而定语从句译成谓语。
His father, who is in Hongkong, will return to Taipei next week.
“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist.
1. This is a paper mill that was built ten years ago.
2. We shall have a lot of people who will visit our college.
3. We have a social and political system that differed in many respects from your own.
There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.
1. There are many people who want to e the film.
2. There ems to be someone who wants to go with you.
3. There happened to be a student who was able to work out the math problem.
3.2 译成兼语句的一部分：当先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，可采用此方法使两个分句融为一体。
I need someone who can instruct me in my English study.
宇宙的外面是什么When I pasd by, I saw a man who was quarreling with his wife.
3.3 译成连动式的一部分
为了行文方便，需要把主句、从句中的动词连起来一起翻译，从而使句子显得连贯，符合汉语的表达习惯。
He took out a bottle of wine out of his pocket, which he began to drink slowly.
We will nd the boy to Britain, where he can receive better education.
脚臭用什么泡脚IV. Adverbial Clau (Translation of the attributive claus functioning as adverbials)
