句子分析
新增题型有句子成分、句意理解及语法功能。
一、句子成分
句子成分术语: subject主语, predicate谓语, object宾语, dual object双宾语, direct object直接宾语, indirect object间接宾语, complex object复合宾语, cognate object同源宾语, complement补语, subject complement主补, object complement宾补, predicative表语, attribute定语, appositive同位语, adverbial状语, clau从句, nominal clau名词从句, attributive clau/ relative clau定语从句, adverbial clau状语从句, object clau宾语从句, subject clau主语从句, appositive clau同位语从句, adverbial clau of time时间状语从句, adverbial clau of place地点状语从句, adverbial clau of manner方式从句, adverbial clau of concession让步状语从句, adverbial clau of cau原因状语从句, adverbial clau of result结果状语从句, adverbial clau of purpo目的状语从句, adverbial clau of condition条件状语从句
如:Which of the italicized parts functions as an object?
A. He doesn’t like the idea of my speaking at the meeting.
B. It is no u your pretending not to know the matter.
C. My parents strongly object to my going out alone at night.
D. Her falling into the river was the climax of the whole trip.
[答案] C
[译文] 下列哪个句子中斜体的部分作宾语?
[解释] A 中斜体部分为介词短语修饰名词;B 中斜体部分为主语从句;C 局域网传输文件中斜体部分为宾语,故为本题答案;D tanx定义域中斜体部分为主语。
二、句意理解
认真对比题干选项,分辨出语义相同和不同的选项。如:
“The man preparing the documents is the firm’s lawyer” has all the following possible me
anings EXCEPT ?
A. the man who has prepared the documents…
B. the man who has been preparing the documents…
C. the man who is preparing the documents…
D. the man who will prepare the documents…
[答案] D
[译文] 下列哪个选项的意思与“The man preparing the document is the firm’s lawyer”不一致?
[解释] 本题考查现在分词结构与定语从句的替换。现在分词表达现在时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时,但不能表达将来时。
三、语法功能
还有些考题考查选项中的句子或句子中特定成分的语法功能。这类考题需要熟练掌握句子的结构分析和句意分析,扎实掌握核心语法中的各项语法规则。
Which of the following italicized phras indicates purpo?
A. She said it for fun, but others took her riously.
B. For all its effort, the team didn’t win the match.
C. Linda has worked for the firm for twenty years.
D. He t out for Beijing yesterday.
[答案] A
[译文] 下列斜体的短语中,哪一个表示目的?
[解释] A意为“她是说着好玩的,但是其他人当真了。”,本句中for fun表示目的;
B意为“尽管非常努力,他们还是没能赢得这场比赛。”,本句中Forall its effort表示转折;
C意为“琳达在那家公司工作了二十年。”,本句中for twenty years表示时间段;
D意为“昨天,他动身前往北京。”,本句中for Beijing表示方向。因此,A为本题答案。
一、双宾语
英语中,有些及物动词可接两个宾语(双宾语),即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。常用句型为:主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如:
Give me a cup of tea, plea. 请给我一杯茶。
有时,间接宾语也可改为由介词to或for引起的短语,放在直接宾语的后面。如:主题活动的意义
She pasd him the salt. =She pasd the salt to him. 她把盐递给了他。
Her uncle bought her an English-Chine dictionary yesterday. = Her uncle bought an English-Chine dictionary for her yesterday. 昨天,她叔叔给她买了一本英汉词典。
下面几种情况,通常要用介词to或for引起的短语:
1. 当直接宾语是人称代词(it/them)时。如:中国石油大学排名
The watch is Li Lei's. Plea give it to him. 这块手表是李雷的。请把它给他。
2. 当强调间接宾语时。如:
Mother cooks breakfast for us every day. 母亲每天都为我们做早饭。
3. 当间接宾语比直接宾语长时。如:
On the bus, he often gives his at to an old person. 在公共汽车上,他经常把座位让给老人。
注:由to连接间接宾语的动词有:pass, give, show, tell, lend, take等;由for郭亮洞连接间接宾语的动词有:buy, cook, get, sing, make等。
可用下面方法来判断一个及物动词所带的是双宾语还是复合宾语:如果宾语与其后的成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓或主表关系,则该动词接的是复合宾语,否则就是双宾语。
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二、复合宾语
英语中,有些及物动词接宾语后还需接宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的有关情况,这样意思才完整。宾语和宾语补足语合称复合宾语。常用句型为:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。可用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、现在分词、动词不定式、介词短语等。
1. 接名词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有call, name, think, make等。如:
We call them mooncakes.
2. 接形容词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有make, keep, think, find等。如:
At first I found Chine hard. 开始的时候,我发现汉语很难。
3. 动词不定式作宾语补足语时通常分为下面三种情况:
1)接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有tell, want, ask, wish, teach等。如:
Tell him to come here the day after tomorrow. 告诉他后天到这里来。
2)接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的有hear, e, watch, let, make等。如: He made us laugh. 他使我们大笑。
3)接带to或不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词常见的是help。如:
She often helps her mother(to) do some houwork. 她经常帮母亲做家务活。
4. 接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有watch, e, hear, find, keep等。如:
In the country, he can hear birds singing. 在农村,他能听到鸟儿歌唱。
5. 接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词常见的有find, keep, take等。如:
The boy found his pen on the floor. 工业小区这个男孩在地板上找到了他的钢笔。
同源宾语
一、概念:
少数不及物动词后面能跟一个特定的名词作宾语,这个名词和前面的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的,这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语(Cognate Object)。
含义:只有名词担任的能重复动词部分或全部意思的直接宾语,前面常有修饰语
二、用法:
吃枇杷的禁忌1.常见的能带同源宾语的动词有:lead, live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run, sing等。
例如:a. Under the leadership of the Party, the peasants are living a happy life.在党的领导下,现在农民们过着幸福的生活。
b. I dreamed a terrible dream last night. 昨晚,我做了一个恶梦。
c. Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August.