英语⽂体与修辞复习提纲
Part One
Chapter One Introducing Style
1.1 What is Style?
1.2 Style as Saying Different Things in Different Contexts
1. ntence
2. vocabulary
1.3 Style as Speakers from Different Background
1. social status
2. social class
3. race
4. x: biological; social
5. time
1.4 Style as Functions of Texts
1. interview持仓
2. commentary
1.5 The Stylistic Features
1. sound features: pun; rhyme; alliteration; elision
2. spelling: the elision of certain sounds; alternative pronunciation; mispronunciation; contraction
3. words: contexts; nominalized word and their corresponding verbs and adjectives; the same field or domain
4. grammar: the manipulation of syntactic structures; the u of parallel structures; ntences with different length and complexity
5. meaning: fields; personification; hyprbole / litotes; irony / satire
Chapter Two Lexicology
分享英语怎么说2.1 Morphemic Devices
(qualitative deviation or incongruity & quantitative deviation or deflection)
1. Neologism: affixation; compounding; derivation; conversion; blending
nonce words
2. Overregularity and High Frequency of Occurrence
homoioteteuton
2.2 Lexical Devices
1. Selection of Words
Features of register: field; tenor; mode
2. Classification of Words
原滋原味
Register and dialect
Commoncore words and words ud in different varietis
Dialect: regional / of age, race, profession/ social structure / temporal
3. Rhetorical Series
Similar in certain aspects
Two / three / four or more items
4. Word Implications
Extended, transferred meanings; with emotive colouring (neutral / positive / negative);
synonymy (ideational / interpersonal / textual)
5. Play with Meaning: Rhetorical Devices
小果锥
Meaning transference (simile / metaphor / personification / metonymy); Meaning extension and Contraction (hyperbole / litotes or meiosis); Contradiction in Logic (oxymoron / paradox); Meaning Conversion; Play on Homonymy (pun) Chapter Three Grammar
3.1 Syntactic Deflection
1. The Unexpected High Frequency of Occurrence
Long ntences (vivid, rich, exuberant, luxurious)
Short ntences (direct, ter, conci, clear effect or continuous, compact, swift effect)
2. The Overregular U of Certain Patterns or Models
Parallelisms; Antithesis; Chiasmus; Antistrophe; Repetition; Epizeuxis; Ploce
3.2 Syntactic Incongruity
1. Unusual Syntactic Structures
Loo Sentences; Periodic Sentences; Elliptical Sentences; Inverted Sentences; Rhetorical Questio
ns句子成分划分练习
2. Violation of the Grammatical Rules
Ungrammatical ntences
Chapter Four Phonology and Graphology
4.1 Phonology
1. Sound and Writing
Two ways of reprenting the same thing / respective features
2. Phonological theory
Phoneme: synaesthesia
全包围结构Incongruity: phonological transference and elision ( aphesis, syncope, apocope)
Sound Pattern: Alliteration; Assonance; Consonance
3. Syllable
Syllable Deflection: Para-rhyme; Rever Rhyme; Rhyme (masculine rhyme vs. Feminine rhyme) (end rhyme & internal rhyme)
Defeated Expectation
4. Foot
Meter (foot) vs. rhythm (measure)愚钝
Foot Deflection
Metrical Deviation: change stress; put stress on what should be an unstresd syllable; change the order; reduce the number of feet.
Onomatopoeia: synaesthetic
5. Tone Group
6. Supragmental Features
Stress; Intonation (falling and rising); Pau
4.2 Graphology
1. Graphological System
Five ranks: grapheme, words, comma, colon, period.
Three factors that can produce graphological prominence: marking, space and quence
2. Grapheme
Punctuation Marks: period, comma, exclamation marks, quotation marks, parenthes
Ellipsis of Punctuation marks
3. Ill-spelled words (erroneous spelling)
4. Italics
5. Spatial Arrangement
Chapter Five Semantics
5.1 Cohesion and Style
1. Reference: Personal; Demonstrative; Comparative
Exophora (context-bound); Endophora (context-free; anaphora and cataphora)
2. Substitution and Ellipsis
Liveliness; conciness; terness
3. Conjunction
Conjunctions and conjunctive phras and adverbs
4. Lexical Cohesion
1) Reiteration: repetition; synonymy; hyponymy; meronymy
2) Collocation: provides mantic thread linking the meanings of different ntences and words together
5.2 Sentence Groups, Passages and Paragraphs
1. Sentence Groups (SG): argumentation; narration; description
2. Paragraphs and Passages
Parataxis ; hypotaxis
Independent ; surbordinate ; transition
3. Patterns of Text Structures
Generical structure potential
A buying-lling situation: five obligatory elements A job-interview situation: five obligatory elements Fiction Writings: five or six stages
Part Two Practical Style
加菲猫势力
