GMAT-Reading Comprehension -infer 题
Milankovitch propod in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caud by variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. For some time this theory was considered untestable, largely becau there was no sufficiently preci chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched.
To establish such a chronology it is necessary to determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed at various times in the Earth's past. A recent discovery makes such a determination possible: relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean diments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Becau heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean diments of the period, becau the diments are compod of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a
dimentary specimen, the more land ice there was when the diment was laid down. As an indicator of shifts in the Earth's climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a global record: there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in dimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land. Becau of the advantages, dimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a preci chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past veral hundred thousand years have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every 100,000 years. The data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth's orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages. However, it is important to note that other factors, such as
volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable; changes in the Earth's orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton's laws of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean diments would be l
清道夫能不能吃ess uful to rearchers if which of the following were true?
A. It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.
邂逅意思 B. It had far more gaps in its quence than the record taken from rocks on land.
白色污染是什么 C. It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years.
D. It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with tho found in fresh water.
E. It stretched back for only a million years.
2. . It can be inferred from the passage that precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water has
A. the same isotopic ratio as ocean water
B. less oxygen 18 than does ocean water
C. less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in continental ice sheets
最美的歌词 D. a different isotopic composition than has precipitation formed from water on land
E. more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed from fresh water
3.. It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells
A. are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks
B. are less common in diments formed during an ice age
C. are found only in areas that were once covered by land icesmot
D. contain radioactive material that can be ud to determine a diment's isotopic composition
警察用英语怎么读 E. reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the time the shells were formed
Frazier and Mosteller asrt that medical rearch could be improved by a move toward larger, simpler clinical trials of medical treatments. Currently, rearchers collect far more background information on patients than is strictly required for their trials—substantially more than hospitals collect—thereby escalating costs of data collection, storage, and analysis. Although limiting information collection could increa the risk that rearchers will overlook facts relevant to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend that such risk, never entirely eliminable from rearch, would still be s
mall in most studies. Only in rearch on entirely new treatments are new and unexpected variables likely to ari.
Frazier and Mosteller propo not only that rearchers limit data collection on individual patients but also that rearchers enroll more patients in clinical trials, thereby obtaining a more reprentative sample of the total population with the dia under study. Often rearchers restrict study participation to patients who have no ailments besides tho being studied. A treatment judged successful under the ideal conditions can then be evaluated under normal conditions. Broadening the range of trial participants, Frazier and Mosteller suggest, would enable rearchers to evaluate a treatment's efficacy for diver patients under various conditions and to evaluate its effectiveness for different patient subgroups. For example, the value of a treatment for a progressive dia may vary according to a patient's stage of dia. Patients' ages may also affect a treatment's efficacy.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a study of the category of patients referred to in lines 21-23(highlight部分)?
A. Its findings might have limited applicability.
B. It would be prohibitively expensive in its attempt to create ideal conditions.
C. It would be the best way to sample the total population of potential patients.
节约粮食的重要性 D. It would allow rearchers to limit information collection without increasing the risk that important variables could be overlooked.
E. Its findings would be more accurate if it concerned treatments for a progressive dia than if it concerned treatments for a non-progressive dia.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that a study limited to patients like tho mentioned in lines 21-23 would have which of the following advantages over the kind of study propod by Frazier and Mosteller?
A. It would yield more data and its findings would be more accurate.
怎么自动换行 B. It would cost less in the long term, though it would be more expensive in its initial stages.
C. It would limit the number of variables rearchers would need to consider when evaluating the treatment under study.
D. It would help rearchers to identify subgroups of patients with condary conditions that might also be treatable.
E. It would enable rearchers to asss the value of an experimental treatment for the average patient.
A key decision required of advertising managers is whether a “hard-ll” or “soft-ll” strategy is appropriate for a specific target market. The hard-ll approach involves the u of direct, forceful claims regarding the benefits of the advertid brand over competitors’ offerings. In contrast, the soft-ll approach involves the u of advertising claims that imply superiority more subtly.
One positive aspect of the hard-ll approach is its u of very simple and straight forward product claims prented as explicit conclusions, with little room for confusion regarding the advertir’s message. However, some consumers may rent being told what to believe and some may distrust the message. Rentment and distrust often lead to counterargumentation and to boomerang effects where consumers come to believe conclusions diametrically oppod to conclusions endord in advertising claims. By contrast, the risk of boomerang effects is greatly reduced with soft-ll approaches. One way to implement the soft-ll approach is to provide information that implies the main conclusions the advertir wants the consumer to draw, but leave the conclusions themlves unstated. Becau consumers are invited to make up their own minds, implicit conclusions reduce the risk of rentment, distrust, and counterargumentation.
Recent rearch on consumer memory and judgment suggests another advantage of implicit conclusions. Beliefs or conclusions that are lf-generated are more accessible from memory than beliefs from conclusions provided explicitly by other individuals, and thus have a greater impact on judgment and decision making. Moreover, lf-generated beliefs are often perceived as more accurate and valid than the beliefs of others, becau other individuals may be perceived as less knowledgeable, or may be perceived as manipulative or deliberately misleading.
Despite the advantages, implicit conclusions may not always be more effective than explicit conclusions. One risk is that some consumers may fail to draw their own conclusions and thus miss the point of the message. Inferential activity is likely only when consumers are motivated and able to engage in effortful cognitive process. Another risk is that some consumers may draw conclusions other than the one intended. Even if inferential activity is likely there is no guarantee that consumers will follow the path provided by the advertir. Finally, a third risk is that consumers may infer the intended conclusion but question the validity of their inference.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that advertirs could reduce one of the risks discusd in the last paragraph if they were able to provide
(A) motivation for consumers to think about the advertiment’s message
(B) information that implies the advertir’s intended conclusion but leaves that conclusion unstated
(C) subtle evidence that the advertid product is superior to that of competitors
(D) information comparing the advertid product with its competitors
