1. What are the categories of lexical meaning?
Lexical meaning includes: a) referential meaning (also denotative meaning). b) Associative meanings. Referential meaning is the central meaning and it is more stable and universal. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning, which are less stable and more culture-specific.
Types of associative meanings: connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning
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敕勒歌拼音2. What are the components of metaphor?
多放屁是什么问题Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors. That is to say all metaphors are compod of two components. This allows us to understand one domain of experience in terms of another. The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguis
tics as mapping. The source domain is concrete and familiar. The target domain is abstract and novel.
3. How does transformational grammar account for ntence- relatedness?
1) Sentence- relatedness: ntences may be structurally variant but mantically related.
2) According to Chomsky, a grammar as the tacit shared knowledge of all speakers is a system of finite rules by which an infinite number of ntences can be generated. He attempts to account for this aspect of syntax by postulating that deep structures and surface structures.
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世界最贵的手机3) Deep structures are the basic structures generated by phra structure rules.劳动委员工作总结
4) Surface structures are derived structures, the structures of ntences that we actually speak. Surface structures are derived from deep structures through transformational rules which include replacement, inrtion, deletion and coping, etc.
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5) There are five transformations: particle movement transformation, replacement, inrtion, deletion and copying.
4. On what basis do linguists regard human language as species-specific (unique to humans)?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication. Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man. Language is a human trait that ts us apart from other living creatures. They spell out a number of features of language which are not found in animal communication systems. The features: creativity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity. The are universal features possd by all human languages. Although some animal communication systems posss, to a very limited degree, one or another of the features except creativity and duality, none is found to have all the features. On this basis linguists tend to conclude that human languages are qualitatively different from animal communication systems.力量英语
5. What part of syntax can phra structure rules account for and what they cannot?
Phra structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. The rules are part of speakers’ syntactic knowledge, which govern the construction of ntences.
There are a lot of part of syntactic knowledge, including structural ambiguity (which strings of words have more than one meaning), words order (different arrangements of the same words have different meanings), grammatical relations (what element relates to what other element directly or indirectly), recursion (the repeated u of the same rules to create infinite ntences), ntence relatedness (ntences may be structurally variant but mantically related), and syntactic categories (a class of words or phras that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality) etc. Phra structure rules can account for structural ambiguity, word order, grammatical relations, recursion, and syntactic categories; but they cannot account for ntence relatedness.
6. How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?
The term variety is the label given to the form of a language ud by any group of speakers or ud in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialects, sociolects and registers. The standard variety is the form of a language ud by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form. A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area. Sociolects are forms of a language that characterize the speech of different social class. Register is a term widely ud in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to u”.
