元话语的分类

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元话语的分类(总25页)

吉林师范大学分数线

2 元话语的分类

由于对元话语的性质和功能的认识差异,对元话语的分类也存在不同。迄今为止,元话语已有几种不同的分类体系(参Williams ,1981 ;Lautamatti ,1978 ;Vande ,1985 ;Crismore ,1989 ;Crismore et al ,1993 ;Hyland ,1998 ,2005) 。本研究将会主要讨论三种分法:Kopple（1985）、Crismore et al （1993）以及Hyland（2004）。

Vande Kopple(1985)基于Lautamatti和Williams对元话语的研究, 概括了7种元话语并将其分为语篇元话语和人际元话语两大类型。其中, 语篇元话语指的是在语篇中连接语篇各层次的主要成分, 组词成篇的词和短语。人际元话语主要是体现作者和读者关系的词和短语, 见表1。

表1　Vande Kopple的元话语分类

Category		Function	Examples
Textual metadiscour	Text connectives	Show how parts of a text are connected to one another	quencers (first, next), reminders (as I mentioned in Chapter 2), topicalizers(with regard to)
	Code gloss	Help readers grasp the writer’s intended meaning	mean, such as
	Validity markers	Express the writer’s commitment to a statement	hedges (perhaps, might), emphatics (undoubtedly)， attributors (according to)
	Narrators	Inform readers of the source of information	according to Smith,
Interpersonal 闻子规 metadiscour	Illocution markers	Make the discour act explicit at certain point	to conclude, I hypothesize, to sum up, we predict
	Attitude markers	Express the writer’s attitudes	unfortunately, interestingly, I wish that
	Commentaries	address readers directly, drawing them into an implicit dialogue	you will certainly agree that, you might want to read the third chapter first

不难看出, VandeKopple的分类存在问题, 如, 同样是“ according to ”, 既属于归属语又属于叙说词。One problem in identifying metadiscour is its multifunctionality, that is, the functions are not performed in isolation and one metadiscour may achieve veral purpos simultaneously. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, Crismore, Markkanen, and Steffenn (1993) in their classification try to u a functional analysis: metadiscour is defined according to its primary function in the context.

　Crismoreetal(1993）在VandeKopple(1985)的分类基础上, 也将元话语分为两大类:语篇元话语和人际元话语。Crismoreetal的分类中去掉了叙说词一项, 将逻辑连接词、序列词、提醒词和主题词概括为语篇标记语, 同时将语码注释词和施事标记词纳入解释标记语。语篇标记语和解释标记语这一全新分法说明了元话语的语篇功能:语篇标记语帮助组织语篇, 解释标记语帮助读者解释和更好地理解作者的意图及写作策略。For interpersonal metadiscour, validity markers, which is a subcategory of textual metadiscour, is now under the classification of interpersonal metadiscour and three parate subcategories --- hedges, certainty markers，and attributors are included. Attributors are combined with narrators becau both are ud to inform the readers of the source of ideas. 见表2

不过, Crismore etal的这一分法也存在一些问题, 如, 将语篇元话语分为语篇标记语和解释标记语的依据不明确, 另外, 用来指称语篇前部分所提内容的提醒词属于语篇标记语, 而用于指称语篇后部分所提内容的宣告词却又属于解释标记语, 这似乎有点牵强附会。

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Category		Function	Examples
Textual metadiscour
Textual Markers 民间体育	Logical Connectives we noted earlier	Help show connections between ideas	and, but, therefore
	Sequencers	Help show quence of material	first, cond
	Reminders	Refer to earlier text material	As we saw in Chapter1
	Topicalizers	Indicate topic shift or a new topic	Well; now I will discuss,in regard to
Interpretive Markers	Code Gloss	Explain text material	What I mean is , that is, for example
	Illocution Markers	Name the act performed	To conclude;in sum;I predict
	Announcements	Announcing upcoming material	In the next ction
Interpersonal metadiscour
	Hedges	Show lack of commitment to the truth-value of proposition	may, might
	Certainty Markers	Show full commitment to the truth-value of proposition	I absolutely sure I know 草菇汤
	Attributors	Refer to authorities ud for persuasive force	Einstein claimed that
	Attitude Markers	Express writer’s affective values	I agree, unfortunately
	Commentary	Build writer-reader relationships	My friend, you may not agree that

Hyland(2004)认为, 将元话语分为语篇元话语和人际元话语不太确切, 应将元话语分为指引读者读完整个语篇的交互式元话语和帮助读者掌握论点的互动式元话。其中, 交互式元话语涉及作者对读者的意识, 以及作者对读者的知识、兴趣、修辞期望和语篇处理能力的调解, 它反映了作者组织语篇的方法, 在一定程度上体现出作者在创作语篇的过程中考虑到了读者的需求。而互动式元话语是作者通过入侵语篇和对语篇信息加以评论来引领互动展开交际的方法, 它在一定程度上体现了语篇是由作者和读者一起构建的。关于Hyland的分类模式，本文将会在theoretical basis 里详细解释。

Category	Function	Examples
Interactive metadiscour	Help to guide the reader through the text
Transitions	express relations between main clau	in addition; but; thus; and
Frame markers	refer to discour acts, quences or stages	finally; to conclude; my purpo is
Endophoric markers	refer to information in other parts of the text	noted above; e Fig; in ction2
Evidentials	refer to information in other parts of the text	according to X; Z states
Code gloss	elaborate propositional meanings	namely; .; such as; in other words
Interactional metadiscour	Involve the reader in the text
Hedges	withhold commitment and open dialogue	might; perhaps; possible; about
Boosters	emphasize certainty or clo dialogue	in fact; definitely; it is clear that
Attitude markers	express writer’s attitude to proposition	unfortunately; I agree; surprisingly
Self mentions	explicit reference to author(s)	I; we; my; me; our
Engagement markers	explicitly build relationship with reader	consider; note; you can e that

忘记过去Class 2 metadiscour

Recognizing the differences in the nature and function of meta discour, the discour of the dollar classification are also different. To date, there are veral different metadiscour classification system (e Williams, 1981; Lautamatti, 1978; Vande, 1985; Crismore, 1989; Crismore et al, 1993; Hyland, 1998, 2005). Xu Jiujiu (2006) summarize findings and discuss the classification of metadiscour mainly in vocabulary class. From the current rearch point of view, there are three main points of law: chapter Kopple (1988) propod and interpersonal metadiscour, Hyland and T (2004) propod a guided and interactive metadiscour, and Ifantidou (2005) propod internal discour and External chapter metadiscour.

The first classification is made Vande (1985) made, he put metadiscour divided into two categories: Text metadiscour means connecting the main component of all levels of discour in chapters, a chapter of the word of words and phras, including Text Connective (text connectives), language code annotation words (code gloss), validity S

igns (validity markers), the narrator (narrator). Interpersonal metadiscour mainly reflected words and phras relationship authors and readers, including illocutionary force marked words (illocution markers), attitude identifies words (attitude markers) and author - reader communication identifies words (commentaries).

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