地质学词语
The prent is the key to the past.一.
Univer宇宙;Galaxy星系; solar system太阳系
(地球外部圈层:atmosphere大气圈;hydrosphere水圈;biosphere生物圈;)lithosphere岩石圈;
atmosphere circulation大气环流
⚫Mercury(水星);Venus(金星);Earth;Mars(火星);Jupiter(木星);Saturn(土星);Uranus(天王星);
Neptune(海王星);Pluto(冥王星);Comet彗星;asteroid小行星⚫troposphere(对流层)stratosphere(平流层)
mesosphere(中间层)ionosphere (电离层)杨幂资料
风景画图片大全thermosphere(热层)
大地水准面(geoid)
1.大陆地形:{高原(plateau);丘陵(hill);平原(plain)}
2.海洋地形:大陆边缘(continental margin):{大陆架
(continental shelf);大陆坡(continental slope)
大陆基(continentalri);岛弧(islandarc);
海沟(trench)}大洋中脊(mid-oceanic ridge);
大洋盆地(oceanic basin):{深海丘陵(abyssal hill)
深海平原(abyssal plain)}
⚫元素(element)矿物(mineral)光泽(luster)解理(cleavage)硬度(hardness)条痕(streak)
⚫岩石(rock)
岩浆岩magmatite or Igneous rock;变质岩(metamorphic rock);沉积岩(dimentary rock)。
⚫gravity重力; gravity anomaly重力场;
Bouguer gravity复合重力场; anomaly磁
⚫geomagnetic field地磁场; magnetic declination磁偏角; magnetic inclination磁倾角; magnetic anomaly地磁异常;
geothermal field地温场geothermal gradient地温梯度; geothermal
flow地热流; geothermal anomaly 地热异常;蚂蚁怎么过冬
⚫ismic wave地震波:body wave体波 surface wave面波
(纵波P wave, 横波S wave);
⚫陨石(meteorite)古登堡面(Gutenberg discontinuity)
莫霍面(Moho discontinuity);雷曼界面;
康德拉面(Conrad discontinuity)
地壳(crust);地幔(mantle);地核(core)
岩石圈(lithosphere);软流圈(asthenosphere)
⚫geological age地质年代,
地质体之间的切割律;
2.isotopic age同位素地质年代;
⚫fossil化石, stratum地层 (strata;单数),
3.地质年代单位:宙eon, 代era, 纪period, 世epoch,期age;
时间地层单位:宇eonothem,界erathem,系system,
统ries,阶stage
⚫显生宙:Phanerozoic 元古宙proterozoic(震旦纪Z)
⚫古生代Paleozoic(早古生代,晚古生代)
{寒武纪cambrian,O奥陶纪ordovician,S志留纪silurian-早古生代}
D泥盆纪devonian,C石炭纪carboniferous,P二叠纪permian-晚古生代
⚫中生代Mesozoic:T三叠纪triassic, J侏罗纪jurassic,
K白垩纪cretaceous
⚫新生代cenozoic:E古近纪paleogene, N新近纪neogene,
二.
风化作用weathering
物理风化作用Physical weathering
化学风化作用Chemical weathering
赠范哗风生物风化作用Biological weathering ;
桔梗茶溶解作用(solution)
氧化作用(oxidation);
根劈作用Root wedging,
differential weathering差异化
spheroidal weathering球形风化
Sequence of migration of elements元素迁移系列
eluvium残积物, crust of weathering风化壳
paleocrust of weathering古风化壳
Sheet flow片流,flood flow洪流sheetwash片流洗刷作用•Proluvial fan洪积扇,slope wash坡积物
1.vertical erosion下蚀作用:(瀑布water fall,深潭,向源侵蚀,河流的袭夺,ba level of erosion河流的侵蚀基准面)
2.lateral erosion侧蚀作用:(河曲,蛇曲、自由河曲,牛轭湖)Laminar flow层流,turbulent flow紊流,
circular current环流
River valley河谷,
drainage system delta
Vertical erosion, lateral erosion
Ba level of erosion, River capture
Meander, cut-off, ox-bow lake,
Alluvium, flood plain,
underground water地下水:[water of containing包气带水;phreatic water潜水;confined water承压水]
⚫underground erosion潜蚀作用; underground river;
⚫karst喀斯特地形(岩溶地形); stone forest石林; karst cave
透水层(permeable bed)含水层(aquifer)
不透水层或隔水层impervious bed;
ploughing刨蚀作用:
方式有:挖掘作用plouking 磨蚀作用abrasion
⚫glacier冰川;continental glacier大陆冰川;
mountain glaciar山岳冰川武昌鱼做法
⚫glacial valley冰蚀谷; horn角峰; cirque冰斗; arete鳍脊;ploughing depression冰蚀洼地;
⚫moraine冰啧物; terminal moraine终~;
lateral morain侧~; drumlin鼓丘;
⚫glacial age冰期; interglacial age间冰期
◼a wave波浪; wave ba; tide潮汐; tide current潮流; ocean current洋流;(turbidity current)浊流;
littoral zone滨海; neritic zone浅海; bathyal zone半深海;
abyssal zone深海;a notch海蚀凹槽;a cliff海蚀崖
wave cut bench波切台;wave built bench波筑台
a stack海蚀柱;a arch海蚀穹;
Beach潮坪;
tidal flat灰质岩; lagoon泻湖;
◼Limestone石灰岩; chert硅质岩; organic reef生物礁; coral
reef珊瑚礁; reef limestone;
◼Fringing reef岸礁; barrier reef堡礁; atoll reef环礁;
◼Ooze软泥; turbidite浊流; siliceous ooze硅质软泥;
calcareous ooze钙质软泥; red clay红色大洋黏土 mangane
nodule锰结核;
风蚀作用(aeolian erosion) 吹蚀作用(deflation)
磨蚀作用(abrasion)
绿洲(oasis)风积物(aeolian deposit)
风成沙(aeolian sand) 风成黄土(loess)
新月形沙丘(parabolic dune) 纵向沙垄(longitudinal dune)
地质作用(geological process)
Diagenesis成岩作用; compaction压实作用; cemetation胶结
作用; recrystallization重结晶作用;
Structure构造; texture结构; bedding层理; bedding plane
structure层面构造;
Conglomerate砾岩; sandstone砂岩; siltstone粉岩;
mudstone泥岩; shale页岩; limestone石灰岩; dolomite白云
岩; chert硅质岩; volcanic breccia火山砾岩; tuff凝灰岩;
三.
产状;产状要素:走向(strike)
Stratum地层;attitude产状;产状要素:
倾向(dip)倾角(dip angle)
梦见上楼梯Horizontal stratum水平岩层;
清除自由基inclined stratum倾斜岩层;
vertical stratum直立岩层;
◼Tectonic movement构造运动:
cal movement升降运动;
zontal movement水平运动;
paleotectonis古构造运动,neotectonism新构造运动
整合接触conformity;
不整合接触关系unconformity:(disconformity平行不整合angular unconformity角度不整合〕
◼Fold褶皱;褶皱要素:[core核;limb翼;hinge zone of fold 转折端枢纽;hinge of fold;轴面axial plane]
anticlinorium复背斜、synclinorium复向斜、
parated block-type fold隔挡式褶皱、
parated trough-type fold隔槽式褶皱。
anticline背斜;syncline向斜;Joint节理fault断层
normal fault正断层rever fault逆断层
平行断层;; (displacement fault)
strike-slip fault平行
►Magma岩浆, magmatism岩浆作用, extrusion喷出作用, lava熔岩或熔浆, intrusion侵入作用
►Volcano火山, volcanism火山作用, extrusive rock喷出岩
►Deroofing eruption熔透式喷发,
fissure eruption裂隙式喷发, central eruption中心式喷发
►Metamorphism变质作用; recrystallization重结晶作用;变质结晶作用metacrystallization;
交代作用metasomatism;
变质分异作用metamorphic differentiation
变形和碎裂deformation and crush
►Contact metamorphism接触变质作用,
dynamic metamorphism动力变质作用,
regional metamorphism, migmatization气-液变质作用
◼Continental drift大陆漂移,
plate tectonics theory,板块构造理论
◼Sea floor spreading海底扩张
magnetic anomaly pattern
transform fault转换断层
◼Divergent plate boundary分离型板块边界,
Convergent plate boundary汇聚型板块边界,
shear plate boundary平错(剪切)型板块边界
◼Subduction zone geosuture地缝合线
四.
地震earthquake:
震源,震中,震中距,震源距:(浅源、中源、深源,)
震级earthquake magnitude,地震烈度intensity 山崩; 泥石流; 滑坡