倚“老”译“老”
—浅析“老”的词性、意义及其英译序号:5 姓名:杜思威班级:英语2044班学号:200407161
摘要:汉字“老”在不同的词句中,表现出了不同的搭配功能和语法结构。“老”字的基本语义色彩是“可亲可近”和“可笑可怜”,其中“可亲可近”代表了“老”字的主体语义色彩。表示“可亲可近”这种语义色彩的“老”字构词能力的迅速增加和“可亲可近”这种语义色彩的形成,源于正在形成的更加平等、自由、宽松、和谐的现代新型人际关系,也体现逐渐兴起的“以人为本”的思想。本文基于客观资料进行了全面考察,从“老”的四种常用词性分析了不同语法意义的变化历程,演进机制和现状。
在对“老”进行翻译的过程中,总结了“老”的不同译法。“老”作形容词用时,可译为old,aged(老的,上了年纪的);outdated(过时了的);overgrown(长过头了的)。“老”作名词用时,可译为old people(老人);parents(二老)。“老”作动词用时,可译为get old。“老”作副词用时,可译为very;always;for a long time。
关键词:老;词性;语法化;英译
近年来,无论是在日常生活还是在各类媒体中,常能见到词语活用的现象,主要是通过某个词语最基本意义的引申,活用来表达新的意义,从而使其产生新的语法功能。因此,字或词的词性也随着社会的迅
速发展而产生新的词性和意义。本文将对“老”的不同词性的英译进行探讨,并紧密结合语料对其做客观细致的分析,以描绘出“老”字的不同词性以及意义的不同英语译法。通过对“老”字的翻译做出的努力,将会帮助我们以更新的眼光去审视不同词性对“老”的不同译法。
“老”字作为多产词,根据它本身以及所构成的词汇的词性大体可以分为四类。
一、“老”及与“老”构成的词,表形容词
1.1表“上了年纪的,年龄长的,年岁大的”,这一类可译为old, aged;反义语是“年岁小的,年幼的”可译为young。例如:
①尊重老人爱护幼儿是中国人民的传统美德。(《现代汉语同义反义词典》)
Respect the old and cherish the young is an ancient Chine virtue.
②男女老少都参加了战斗。(《汉英翻译教程》)
Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.
③你忘记了一句古话了吗:活到老学到老,何况你并不老。(《汉英翻译教程》)Y ou’re forgetting the old saying: one is never too old to earn. In any ca, you’re not old at all.
退休人员
④那么,什么时候解决战斗?还是老牛拉破车,慢慢吞吞的吗?(《汉英翻译教程》)“Well, then, when are you going to get this battle finished off? Are you still going to be the old bullock pulling a broken cart, creeping slowly along?”
⑤张正国告诉他时,旁边有听见的人也笑了。那老头子装着没看见,像个老僧入定那样呆坐着。(《汉英翻译教程》)
⑥老民兵赵大叔走进司令部说:“我有情况来报告”。(《汉英翻译教程》)
“I have something to report,”said Uncle Zhao, an old militiaman, as he walked into the
headquarters.
⑦张正国告诉他时,旁边有听见的人也笑了。那老头子装着没看见,像个老僧入定的那样呆坐着。(《汉英翻译教程》)
As Zhang Zhengguo was speaking, the bystanders who heard him started laughing. The old man pretended not to have noticed it, sitting motionless there like an old monk engaged in contemplation.
这一类“老”的用法均可译为old, 译为aged时多表对老年人的委婉称呼。
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1.2表“资历深的”,喻指阅历长,经验丰富,水平高,技艺精湛,可译为experienced, skilled , steady。反义语为“嫩”,喻指阅历短,缺乏经验,水平有限,可译为inexperienced, unskilled 。例如:
①比他技术高明一点的人,他叫人家老师傅。(《汉英翻译教程》)
Tho who technical level was higher than his own he addresd as “Masters”.
②新老干部要相互学习,互相帮助,取长补短。(《汉英翻译教程》)咽炎片说明书
Old and new cadres should learn from and help each other, to make up for each other’s deficiencies.
③新老干部应彼此尊重。(《汉英翻译教程》)
Cadres, old and new must respect each other.
1.3表“过了时的,不中用的”,多译为outdated,往往意味着衰退,封闭,保守,落伍,无能,所以有“衰老”,“老朽”之说,“老”所构成的这一类词在意义上引申虚化后,具有了“可笑可怜”的感情色彩。
①揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看,号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条,这就是五四运动时期的一个极大的功绩。(《汉英翻译教程》)
A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to ri against them.
1.4表“历史悠久的”,可译为of long standing, old,含中性语义色彩。例如:
①高的喜马拉雅山的最高峰,汪洋的太平洋,阴郁的古老的小村落,银的白光冰凝了的都市—一切,一切,夕阳都喷上了一口血焰。(《散文佳作108篇》)
The highest peaks of the Himalayas; the endless waters of the Pacific; small, old gloomy villages; cities frozen by silver lights upon each other every one, the tting sun scatters its blood-red flames!
②再看那泡菜坛子,静静地守在那里,在喧嚣的日子,在钢筋混凝土的单元里,守着一坛平静的心情,酝酿着古老而纯朴的乡下味道。(《散文佳作108篇》)
When we looked at the pot, it was standing quietly at the corner. Amid the hustle and bustle of our everyday life and in the apartment of reinforced concrete, the pot stood there by itlf, brewing an old and simple flavor.
③南京,这座古老而又年轻的历史文化名城,是多么的可爱!(《散文佳作108篇》)Nanjing, an old city with a rich and celebrated past, yet vigorous in her new youth—how lovely she is!
Old本身也具有“历史悠久的”的意思,这类多数情况下可译为old。例如:
1.5表“食品等蒸、煮、炒过了头,作物长过了头”,可译为overcooked, overgrown。
①做豆腐应该嫩一些,老了就不好吃了。(《现代汉语同义反义词典》)
Bean curd should be rarely cooked; it doesn’t taste good when overcooked.
1.6此类多为“老”与其它字词构成的固定搭配,用法灵活。例如:
①历来只有真正老实的劳动者,才懂得劳动生产财富的道理,才能排除一切想入非非的发财
思想,而踏踏实实地用自己的辛勤劳动,为社会也为自己创造财富和积累财富。(《汉英翻译教程》)
Throughout the ages only honest laboring people e the truth that wealth is created through labor. Only they can free their minds of any fantastic ideas of getting rich. And only they create and accumulate wealth for both society and themlves through hard practical work.
“老实”在译为honest,英译时看不出与“老”字的直接联系。此类词还有很多,由于译法比较灵活,在此不一一列举。
二、“老”及与“老”构成的词,表名词
2.1“老”+名词
2.1.1“老+具体名词”型
2.1.1.1“老”+表处所的名词。这类称谓语中,多数情况是“老”接表地名的名词,如:老北京、老南京、老上海、老长沙、老大庆、老太行等,可译为someone who has lived in someplace for a long time 。
2.1.1.2“老”+表思想、人际关系和社会地位的名词。
如:老关系(long-kept relationship) 、老交情(longstanding relationship; old friend)
2.1.1.3“老”+表比拟性的名词。如:老古董(喻指思想陈腐或生活习惯陈旧的人)可译为old fashioned, old foggy、老狐狸(喻指奸诈狡猾者)可译为old fox, crafty scoundrel、老牛筋(指喻性格很倔强执拗的人)可译为a stubborn person、老油条(喻指异常世故圆滑的人)可译为a sophisticated person等。
2.1.1.4“老”+2到10和“大”、“幺”,表兄弟的排行。
如:老大(eldest child; the first one; master; greatly)、老二the (cond of the children; the cond one)、老幺(the youngest)等;这一类词也可以活用。文件签收单模板
2.1.2“老+姓”型。表对年长的人的昵称和尊称。例如:
①老.黄老了,人称“黄老”。(《散文佳作108篇》)
Mr. Huang was old. People all addresd him as “Respected Mr. Huang”.
2.1.3“姓+老”及“姓名+老”型。多表对德高望重的人的敬称。此类词还包括“您老”、“你老”、“他老人家”或“她老人家”。
①老黄老了,人称“黄老.”。(《散文佳作108篇》)
Mr. Huang was old. People all addresd him as “Respected Mr. Huang”.
2.2与“老”组成的约定俗成的名词。
2.2.1在汉语中,有许多词已经存在,用法相对固定;甚至有些与“老”构成的名词分开后就不再具有原来所具有的语法意义和结构。例如:
①大部分学生对老师态度很恭敬。(《汉英翻译教程》)
Most students behaved respectfully towards their teacher.
秦观鹊桥仙
②那老汉下意识地举起手来搔他那光秃秃的头顶。(《汉英翻译教程》)
The old man involuntarily raid his hand to scratch his bald head.
③这老头正在吧嗒吧嗒地抽一个小烟袋。(《汉英翻译教程》)
The old man was sucking vigorously at a pipe.
④“不是”,老太太笑着说。“我来向你打听个人:有位江华先生你认识吗?”(《汉英翻译教程》)
“Oh, no!”the old woman laughed. “I’ve come to ask about someone do you know a Mr. Jiang Hua?”复合饼图怎么制作
⑥他们还从老乡那里买来一只鸡,煮了鸡汤。(《汉英翻译教程》)
They bought a chicken from a villager and made it into soup.
⑦太太怪可怜的!为什么老爷回来,头一次见太太就发这么大的脾气?(《汉英翻译教程》)I’m reall
y sorry for the mistress after the way the master lost his temper with her. It’s the time he’s en her since he’s been back, too.
⑧看他并不是个讨厌的老头子,便也高兴的说:“乡下怕更要冷些吧?”(《散文佳作108篇》)
Seeing that he was not too nasty an old man, I readily responded: “It must be colder in the country, I’m afraid.”
⑨老太婆吩咐她的孙女,快把火拨大些,多添点柴说是客人要烘暖他的身子。(《散文佳作108篇》)
Grandma will tell her granddaughter to feed the fire with more wood, saying that the guest needs more heat to warm up.
在这一类中,有很多词在汉语中的用法相对固定,但是在英译时却比较灵活。还有一些词,与“老”分开后就不再具有原来的意思。如:老帮子(old rascal)、老财(moneybags; landlord)、老师(teacher)、老板(boss)、老汉()old man)、老头(old man)、老太太(old woman)、老爷(master)、老乡(fellow villager)、老百姓(common people; civilians)、老公(husband)、老婆(wife)、老夫子(private school tutor; impractical scholar)、老鸨(crow)、老虎(tiger)、老鹰(hawk; eagle)、老鼠(rat; mou)等。
2.2.2随着人民的富裕,老哥、老姐、老妹等词语表达了中国家庭内部兄弟姐妹之间的无拘无束的融融亲情,体现了亲密的关系,新流行的词多属于这一类。如:老爸、老妈、老哥、老姐、老妹等。这一类词中的“老”可译为dear。
三、“老”作动词用
3.1用作本义,即“变老”,可译为be old, get old。例如:
娜多音字组词①老黄老.了,人称“黄老”。(《散文佳作108篇》)
Mr. Huang was old. People all addresd him as “Respected Mr. Huang”.
②人老了,不中用了,不比你们年轻人。
I am old and not as energetic as you young people.
在汉语中,“老”作动词用,译为英语时,可采用be old的形式来表达。
3.2表避讳用语,意为“去世,死”,可译为die, pass away。
①爷爷昨晚老了。
My grandfather died yesterday evening.万家麟
这类用法多见于口语中委婉的说法。
四、作副词用
“老”作副词用时,表“总是,经常,常常”,多用于口语中,常译为for a long time, always。例如:
①他老没来。
He hasn't been here for a long time.
②老没见你啊。
I haven't en you for ages.
③他老惦记着这件事。
He couldn't get his mind off the matter.
④她老念叨着孩子们
She is always talking about her children.
这一类用法多出现于口语中,多用来表示“很长时间以来怎么样”,“经常,常常怎么样”。
本文基于客观材料,通过对“老”以及与“老”构成的词语的分析和全面考察,理清了“老”及其所构成词语的四种词性,用法及其英译。在对“老”的不同的词性做出灵活的翻译的过程中,还认识到了“老”作为名词用法中涌现出来的一些新词,源于正在形成的更加平等、自由、宽松的新型人际关系,体现了逐渐兴起的“以人为本”的思想。
参考文献
1《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌喻云根陕西人民出版社2005年10月
2《散文佳作108篇》乔萍译林出版社2005年10月
3《子夜》茅盾华语教育出版社2004年1月
4.《现代汉语同义反义词典》吴海齐栋学苑出版社1996年
On the Chine Character“lao
—
the Functions and Features and its Meanings
Abstract: The Chine character “lao” has a lot of collocational functions and grammatical structures in different words, phras and ntences. The character “lao” basically
means “easy-going” and “pitiable”, and “easy-going” is it’s meaning that is often in u.
The rapid expansion and form of words and phras related to “lao” of “easy-going”
reflects the new relationship between people, which gives expression to more quality,
liberty, relaxation and harmony, it also embodies the newly-formed idea of people
foremost. With an analysis objective corpus and survey oh the functions and features
on full scale, the paper analys the evolution process, improvement and the prent
condition of different meanings of the character “lao”. During the process of translating
“lao”, it can be concluded that when Chine character “lao” is translated to “old, aged,
of long standing, outdated, overgrown” as a adjective, “old people, parents” as a norm,
“be old, get old” as a verb and “very, always, for a long time” as a adverb.
Key words: the Chine character “lao”;the functions and features of the word; meaning;
grammaticalization;Translating into English