Unit1 Supplementary information
stern adj., noun
adj. (stern•er, stern•est)
1 rious and often disapproving; expecting sb to obey you strict: a stern face / expression / look a stern warning Her voice was stern. The police are planning sterner measures to combat crime.
2 rious and difficult: a stern test of nerves We face stern opposition.
stern•ly adv. stern•ness noun [U]
be made of sterner stuff to have a stronger character and to be more determined in dealing with problems than other people: Many would have given up, but Tim was made of sterner stuff.
noun the back end of a ship or boat—compare bow1 n., poop e stem n.
ap•pre•hen•sion /prhenn/ noun
1 [U, C] worry or fear that sth unpleasant may happen anxiety: There is growing apprehension that fighting will begin again. He watched the election results with some apprehension. There is apprehension about the safety of the missing children. They shivered with apprehension. note at fear
2 [U] (formal) the act of capturing or arresting sb, usually by the police: the apprehension of the terrorists in the early hours of this morning
min•gle /ml/ verb
1 ~ (A) (with B)| ~ (A and B) (together) to combine or make one thing combine with another: [v] The sounds of laughter and singing mingled in the evening air. 下载手机铃声Her tears mingled with the blood on her face. The flowers mingle together to form a blaze of colour. [vn] He felt a kind of happiness mingled with regret. note at mix
2 [v] to move among people and talk to them, especially at a social event circulate: The princess was not recognized and mingled freely with the crowds. If you’ll excu me, I must go and mingle (= talk to other guests).
hold verb, noun
verb (held, held /held/)
IN HAND / ARMS
1 [vn] to carry sth; to have sb/sth in your hand, arms, etc.: She was holding a large box. I held the mou by its tail. The girl held her father’s hand tightly. He was holding the baby in his arms. The winning captain held the trophy in the air. We were holding hands (= holding each other’s hands). The lovers held each other clo.
2 [vn] to put your hand on part of your body, usually becau it hurts: She groaned and held her head.
IN POSITION
3 [usually +adv. / prep.] to keep sb/sth in a particular position: [白娣颜vn] Hold your head up. Hold this position for a count of 10. The wood is held in position by a clamp. I had to hold my stomach in (= pull the muscles flat) to zip up my jeans. [vn-adj] I’ll hold the door open for you.
SUPPORT
4 [vn] to support the weight of sb/sth: I don’t think that branch will hold your weight.
CONTAIN
5 [vn] to have enough space for sth/sb; to contain sth/sb: This barrel holds 25 litres. The plane holds about 300 pasngers.
SB PRISONER
6 to keep sb and not allow them to leave: [vn] Police are holding two men in connection with last Thursday’s bank raid. [vn-n] He was held prisoner for two years.
CONTROL
7 [vn] to defend sth against attack; to have control of sth: The rebels held the radio station.
REMAIN
8 [v] to remain strong and safe or in position: They were afraid the dam wouldn’t hold.
9 [v] to remain the same: How long will the fine weather hold? If their luck holds, they could still win the championship.
KEEP
10 [vn] to keep sb’s attention or interest: There wasn’t much in the muum to hold my attention.
11 [vn] to keep sth at the same level, rate, speed, etc.: Hold your speed at 70. Interest rates have been held at 8% for a year now.
12 [vn] to keep sth so that it can be ud later: records held on computer Our solicitor holds our wills. We can hold your rervation for three days.
OWN
13 [vn] to own or have sth: Employees hold 30% of the shares.
JOB
14 [vn] to have a particular job or position: How long has he held office? Mrs Thatcher held the post of Prime Minister longer than anyone el last century.
RECORD / TITLE
15 [vn] to have sth you have gained or achieved: Who holds the world record for the long jump? She held the title of world champion for three years.
OPINION
16 [vn] to have a belief or an opinion about sb/sth: He holds strange views on education. She is held in high regard by her students (= they have a high opinion of her). firmly-held beliefs
17 (formal) to consider that sth is true: [v that] I still hold that the government’s economic
policies are mistaken. [vn-adj] Parents will be held responsible for their children’s behaviour. [vn to inf] The vas are held to be the finest examples of Greek art. This pattern is usually ud in the passive.
MEETING
18 [vn] [usually passive] to have a meeting, competition, conversation, etc.: The meeting will be held in the community centre. It’s impossible to hold a conversation with all this noi. The country is holding its first free elections for 20 years.
ROAD / COURSE
19 [vn] if a vehicle holds the road, it is in clo contact with the road and easy to control, especially when driven fast
20 [vn] if a ship or an aircraft holds a cour, it continues to move in a particular direction
IN MUSIC
21 [vn] to make a note continue for a particular time
ON TELEPHONE
22 to wait until you can speak to the person you have telephoned: [v] That extension is busy right now. Can you hold? [vn] She asked me to hold the line.
STOP
23 [vn] ud to tell sb to stop doing sth or not to do sth: Hold your fire! (= don’t shoot) Hold the front page! (= don’t print it until a particular piece of news is available) (NAmE, informal) 如何养肺Give me a hot dog, but hold the (= don’t give me any) mustard.
Most idioms containing hold are at the entries for the nouns and adjectives in the idioms, for example hold the fort is at fort.
hold good to be true: The same argument does not hold good in every ca.
hold it (informal) ud to ask sb to wait, or not to move: Hold it a cond—I don’t think everyone’s arrived yet.
there is no holding sb a person cannot be prevented from doing sth: Once she gets onto the subject of politics there’s no holding her.
hold sth against sb to allow sth that sb has done to make you have a lower opinion of them: I admit I made a mistake—but don’t hold it against me.
hold sb/sthback
1 to prevent sb/sth from moving forward or crossing sth: The police were unable to hold back the crowd. The dam was not strong enough to hold back the flood waters.
2 to prevent the progress or development of sb/sth: Do you think that mixed ability class hold back the better students? We are determined that nothing should hold bac
k the peace talks.
hold sthback
1 to not tell sb sth they want or need to know: to hold back information I think he’s holding something back. I’m sure he knows more than he admits.
2 to stop yourlf from expressing how you really feel: She just managed to hold back her anger. He bravely held back his tears.
hold back (from doing sth)|
hold sb back (from doing sth) to hesitate or to make sb hesitate to act or speak: She held back, not knowing how to break the terrible news. I wanted to tell him the truth, but something held me back.
hold sbdown
1 to prevent sb from moving, using force: It took three men to hold him down.
2 to prevent sb from having their freedom or rights: The people are held down by a repressive regime.
hold sthdown
1 to keep sth at a low level: The rate of inflation must be held down.
2 [no passive] to keep a job for some time: He was unable to hold down a job after his breakdown.
3 [no passive] (NAmE, informal) to limit sth, especially a noi: Hold it down, will you? I’m trying to sleep!
hold forth to speak for a long time about sth in a way that other people might find boring
hold sthin to not express how you really feel: to hold in your feelings / anger let sth out
hold off
1 (of rain or a storm) to not start: The rain held off just long enough for us to have our picn
ic.
2 to not do sth immediately: We could get a new computer now or hold off until prices are lower. 双引号用法[+ -ing] Could you hold off making your decision for a few days?
hold sb/sthoff to stop sb/sth defeating you: She held off all the last-minute challengers and won the race in a new record time.
hold on
1 (informal医生求职简历) ud to tell sb to wait or stop wait: Hold on a minute while I get my breath back. Hold on! This isn’t the right road.
2 to survive in a difficult or dangerous situation: They managed to hold on until help arrived.
3 (informal) ud on the telephone to ask sb to wait until they can talk to the person they want: Can you hold on? I’ll e if he’s here.
hold sthon to keep sth in position: The nuts and bolts hold the wheels on. The knob is only held on by sticky tape.
hold on (to sth/sb)|
hold onto sth/sb [no passive] to keep holding sth/sb: Hold on and don’t let go until I say so. He held onto the back of the chair to stop himlf from falling. It’s very windy—you’d better hold onto your hat. note at hold
hold on to sth|
hold onto sth
1 to keep sth that is an advantage for you; to not give or ll sth to sb el: You should hold on to your oil shares. She took an early lead in the race and held onto it for nine laps.
2 to keep sth for sb el or for longer than usual: I’ll hold onto your mail for you until you get back.
hold out
1 to last, especially in a difficult situation: We can stay here for as long as our supplies hold out.
2 to resist or survive in a dangerous or difficult situation: The rebels held out in the mountains for veral years.
hold out sth to offer a chance, hope or possibility of sth: Doctors hold out little hope of her recovering.
hold sthout to put your hand or arms, or sth in your hand, towards sb, especially to give or offer sth: I held out my hand to steady her. He held out the keys and I took them.
hold out for sth [no passive] to cau a delay in reaching an agreement becau you hope you will gain sth: The union negotiators are holding out for a more generous pay ttlement.
hold out on sb (informal) to refu to tell or give sb sth
hold sthover [usually passive]
1 to not deal with sth immediately; to leave sth to be dealt with later postpone: The matter was held over until the next meeting.
2 to show a film/movie, play, etc. for longer than planned: The movie proved so popular it was held over for another week.
hold sth over sb to u knowledge that you have about sb to threaten them or make them do what you want
hold sb to sth
1 to make sb keep a promi
2 to stop an opposing team scoring more points, etc. than you: The league leaders were held to a 0-0 draw.
hold together|
hold sth together
1 to remain, or to keep sth, united: A political party should hold together. It’s the mother who usually holds the family together.
2 (of an argument, a theory or a story) to be logical or consistent: Their ca doesn’t hold together when you look at the evidence.—compare hang together at hang
3 if a machine or an object holds together or sth holds it together, the different parts stay together so that it does not break
hold up to remain strong and working effectively: She’s holding up well under the pressure.
hold sb/sthup [often passive]
1 to support sb/sth and stop them from falling
2 to delay or block the movement or progress of sb/sth: An accident is holding up traffic. My application was held up by the postal strike.—related noun hold-up
3 to u or prent sb/sth as an example: She’s always holding up her children as models of good behaviour. His ideas were held up to ridicule.
hold up sth to steal from a bank, shop/store, etc. using a gun: Masked men held up a curity van in South London yesterday.—related noun hold-up
hold with sth [no passive] (ud in negative ntences or in questions) to agree with sth approve of路灯安装: I don’t hold with the u of force. [+ -ing] They don’t hold with letting children watch as much TV as they want.
noun
WITH HAND
1 [sing., U] the action of holding sb/sth; the way you are holding sb/sth grip: His hold on her arm tightened. She tried to keep hold of the child’s hand. Make sure you’ve got a steady hold on the camera.
IN SPORT
2 [C] a particular way of holding sb, especially in a sport such as wrestling or in a fight: The wrestler put his opponent into a head hold. The exerci called for the recruits to get out of various holds.
POWER / CONTROL
3 [sing.] ~ (on / over sb/sth)有样学样 influence, power or control over sb/sth: What she knew about his past gave her a hold over him. He struggled to get a hold of his anger.—e also stranglehold
IN CLIMBING
4 [C] a place where you can put your hands or feet when climbing: She put her foot firmly in the hold and pulled herlf up.—e also foothold, handhold, toehold
ON SHIP / PLANE
5 [C] the part of a ship or plane where the goods being carried are stored
catch, get, grab, take, etc. (a) hold of sb/sth to have or take sb/sth in your hands: He caught hold of her wrists so she couldn’t get away. Lee got hold of the dog by its collar. Quick, grab a hold of that rope. Gently, she took hold of the door handle and turned it.
get hold of sb to contact or find sb: Where have you been? I’ve been trying to get hold of you all day. Eventually, we got hold of Dan in New York. Do you know where I can get hold of a good plumber?
get hold of sth
1 to find sth that you want or need: I need to get hold of Tom’s address. It’s almost impossible to get hold of tickets for the final. The police do not know how the boy got hold of the knife. How did the press get hold of the story?
2 to learn or understand sth
no holds barred with no rules or limits on what sb is allowed to do: There will be no holds barred in his interview with the president this evening.
on hold
1 delayed until a later time or date: She put her career on hold to have a baby. The project is on hold until more money is available. The department has placed its plans on hold pending the results of the elections.
2 if a person on the telephone is put on hold, they have to wait until the person that they want to talk to is free
take (a) hold to begin to have complete control over sb/sth; to become very strong: Panic took hold of him and he couldn’t move. They got out of the hou just before the flames took hold. It is best to treat the dia early before it takes a hold.—more at wrong adj.
bull•head•ed /blhedd/ adj. (NAmE) unwilling to change your opinion about sth, in a way that other people think is annoying and unreasonable obstinate, stubborn: You’re just being bullheaded now.
bull•head•ed•ness noun [U]
clam•our (BrE) (NAmE clamor) /klm(r)/ verb, noun
verb
1 ~ (for sth) (formal) to demand sth loudly: [v] People began to clamour for his resignation. [v to inf] Everyone was clamouring to know how much they would get. [v speech] ‘Play with us!’ the children clamoured.
2 [v] (of many people) to shout loudly, especially in a confud way: A crowd of reporters clamoured around the car.
noun [sing., U] (formal)
1 a loud noi especially one that is made by a lot of people or animals: the clamour of the market the incessant clamour of monkeys and birds双鱼和白羊
2 ~ (for sth) a demand for sth made by a lot of people: The clamour for her resignation grew louder.
clam•or•ous /klmrs/ adj.
