Introduction（导言）
1．提供研究课题总的背景、意义、研究的现状和尚存在的问题(Background／Setting)
和学2．文献回顾和综述(Literature Review)
3．突出要研究的主题或问题(Subject Or Problem)
4．研究课题的目的(Purpo)
5．研究的价值、意义或论文结构(Value Of Structure)
导言长短视论文的篇幅而定，各部分内容侧重点和比例也因论文的内容、目的而不尽相同。在学位论文中，通常，文献综述部分会作为独立的结构占据一章或两三章。有的导言的内容仅介绍这五项内容中的几项，但大都离不开这五个方面所形成的框架。导言的内容信息从大到小，从宽泛到具体，即，从综述研究领域的概况、课题的背景开始，逐步发展到具体的研究问题。
Moves in Rearch Paper Introduction
Move 1 Establishing a rearch territory (Background)
a. by showing that the general rearch area is important, central, interesting, problematic, or relevant in some way.
b. by introducing and reviewing items of previous rearch in the area.
Move 2 Establishing a niche (Subject or problem)
a. by indicating a gap in the previous rearch.
b. by raising a question about it.
c. by extending previous knowledge in some way.
Move 3 Occupying the niche (Purpo, findings, structure)
a. by outlining purpos or stating the nature of the prent rearch.
b. by announcing principal findings.
c. by indicating the structure of the RP.
Compatibility Analysis of Web Services
网络服务的兼容性分析
商个人The web rvices paradigm promi to enable the rich, flexible, and dynamic interoperation among highly distributed and heterogeneous web-hosted rvices More and more enterpris are rushing to employ web rvices into their business. Performing complex tasks typically requires making a number of web rvices work together. For example, a complete travel rvice comes from the collaboration of a travel agent, an airline rvice, a hotel rvice and a billing rvice, etc. At prent, veral proposals, such as BPEL4WS [1] and WSCI [2], have been ud to describe the process of collaboration. But most of choreography proposals only provide notations to describe the message flow in the collaboration, lacking of some reasoning mechanisms to verify the interaction between web rvices. As a result, a predefined process is likely to behave abnormally due to the incompatibility of web rvices interaction. To deal with this issue, it is necessary to provide a formal method to analyze compatibility of web rvices. Traditional compatibility analysis of web rvices focus on the interface checking, i.e. two web rvices are expected successful if their invoking interfaces are compatible. We think they can interact successfully. But it is not always true. Consider two web rvices, one for online shopping and the other for customers. Suppo that they are syntactically compatible in invoking interfaces, but not negotiate well in collaboration protocol. The online shopping waits for payment before nding the product while the customer believes Cash-on-Delivery. It is certain that the collaboration between them will lead to a deadlock, no matter how well they are compatible in invoking interfaces. Thus, the dynamic behavior of !web rvices must be taken into account when analyzing compatibility of web rvices. In this paper, we employ automata to formalize the behavior of web rvices. With this understanding, we propo a definition of role among web rvices interactions, i.e. we verify the compatibility between web rvices through a client/rver model. We believe that such compatibility is vital to guarantee the successful execution of collaboration of web rvices. 染色体数目变异The paper is organized as follows. After this introduction, ction 2 surveys related work. Then, we discuss how to formalize web rvices with automata in ction 3. Section 4 describes how to analyze compatibility of web rvices, and followed summary and future work. | 研究背景 指出先前研究不足 突出要研究的问题 说明结论和观点 篇章结构 | 译文： 网络服务范例可保证广泛分布的不同种类的网络主机服务之间丰富的、灵活的、动态的运作。越来越多的企业正争先恐后地把网络服务应用到其营业中去。 复杂的任务一般需要多个网络服务彼此协作。例如，完整的旅行服务由旅行代理人、航空服务、宾馆服务以及结账服务等协作完成。目前，如BPEL4WS和WSCI等几个提议被用来描述这一协作的过程。但是大多数提议只提供描述这一协作中讯息流的符号，缺少用来验证网络服务之间的交互作用的论证机制。因此，预先确定的过程有可能由于网络服务之间交互的不兼容而表现反常。要解决这一问题，有必要提供一个分析网络服务兼容性的正式的方法。 趁机的意思传统的网络服务的兼容性分析集中在界面检查，也就是说，如果两个网络服务的调用界面兼容的话，他们就会成功协作。我们认为他们就会交互成功。但是事实并非总是如此。拿两个网络服务来说，其中一个是在线购物，另一个是针对顾客方面的。如果两者在调用界面上语句构成相互兼容，但是在协作协议方面没有协调好，在线购物等着顾客付款后发货而顾客则认为货到付款，那么，无论他们在调用界面上是多么兼容，他们之间的协作势必导致僵局。因此，分析网络服务兼容性时，必须考虑网络服务的动态行为。 这篇文章中，我们应用自动控制使网络服务行为标准化。带着此种理解，我们提出网络服务之间交互作用角色的概念，也就是说，我们通过客户／服务器模型来校验两个网络服务之间的兼容性。我们认为这种兼容性对保证网络服务之间协作的成功执行至关重要。 论文结构如下：导言之后，第二部分回顾相关的研究；接下来第三部分讨论的是怎样用自动控制使网络服务行为标准化；第四部分描写怎样分析网络服务之间交互的兼容性；随后是概要和未来研究。 |
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Sample：
中国的神话故事
boy The Effects of Water Scarcity on Reciprocity and Sociability in Bolivia
Reports on the state of freshwater rerves warn that vere local shortages are imminent, and predict that violent conflicts will emerge in water-scarce regions. To better understand how conflicts develop in water-scarce regions, rearch is needed on the social and economic factors that mediate cooperation and conflict (Ronnfeldt 1997). I propo to do an in-depth study of Villa Israel, a barrio of Cochabamba, Bolivia, where conflict over water is an established part of life. The overall objective is to understand how vere water scarcity affects reciprocal exchange relationships and social relationships in a marginal urban tting. The five specific objectives are:
The existence and quality of intracommunity ties has long been recognized as a factor that determines how conflicts evolve over scarce resources and other threats (Simmel 1904 [1955], Cor 1956, Mack 1965). The degree of connectedness and the prence of ties that cross social gments are both elements of social structure that inhibit conflict
development (Gluckman in Ross 1993, LeVine and Campbell 1972). Although early conflict theorists called for empirical rearch to investigate when and in what order social ties are broken (Coleman 1957), such studies have been conducted in only a few geographic regions and on a few environmental scarcities.
Assuming that all houholds engage in exchange and social relationships, and that the amount of water available to the houholds varies, I propo ten hypothes:
分隔线
H1. Generalized reciprocal exchanges will occur more frequently in the wet ason than in the dry ason.
H2. Social interactions will occur more frequently in the wet ason than in the dry ason.
H3. During the dry ason, houholds with more water will engage in more generalized reciprocal exchanges than will houholds with less water.
The rearch will proceed in two phas. During the first pha, I will lect a 60-hou
hold purposive sample, create and test interview protocols, choo key informants, and train a rearch assistant. The first pha will lay the groundwork for the cond, so that I will be prepared to complete a baline asssment of exchange and social interactions before the dry ason begins in May. During the cond pha, I will conduct in-depth interviews with key informants and four ethnographic interviews with each houhold in the sample. At the end of the cond pha, I will conduct a ries of experimental economic games to determine the norms of trust and reciprocity in the community.佳能a720
Cochabamba is a large Bolivian city located in a mi-arid zone, made famous in 2000 by protests and riots over water delivery that received international attention. There, a rapid increa in water demand caud by urban growth, groundwater scarcity, and topography that drains water away from the city have intensified pressures on the municipal water distribution system (Laurie and Marvin 1999). Lacking the capital to extend water rvices to its growing periphery, Cochabamba contains a large population of marginal urban residents that lack access to the municipal water system.
Using the Uni6n Cristiana Evangelica census of Villa Israel as a sample frame, I will lect a purposive sample of 60 houholds. Houholds will be lected to maximize variation on the following variables: number of members, ethnicity, religious affiliation, head of houhold's profession, and geographic location of the hou (distance from water sources). Although choosing a purposive sample renders generalization from the study impossible, the purposive sample will enable me to choo houholds that maximize variation on the independent variables (Bernard 2002).
