Unit 1 Text A Never, ever give up!
Ⅰ. Background Information
1. public school
In the UK (with the exception of Scotland), the term public school refers to a group of older, more expensive and exclusive fee-paying private schools, which cater primarily for children aged between 13 and 18. It is independent of the state system in regard to endowment and administration. The typical great public school such as Eton, Harrow, and Winchester evolved from an institution founded by a single benefactor during the late European Middle Ages or the Renaissance. The curriculum from the beginning placed heavy emphasis on the Greek and Roman classics and continued to do so until well into the 20th century.
In the US, public schools generally refer to elementary or condary schools, offered to all children by the government and paid for, in whole or in part, by public funding from taxation. The term may also refer to institutions of post-condary education funded, in whole or in part, and overen by the government.
2. Stanford Law School磁场是什么
It is a graduate school at Stanford University. It was established in 1893 and is regularly ranked among the top three law schools in the United States, along with Harvard Law School and Yale Law School.
3. Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965) grew up as the son of a British noble. He attended a private school from age ven, and entered Harrow in 1888. He was not impresd with his education. Later he entered Sandhurst Royal Military College in 1893, after three attempts to pass the entrance test. He joined the army in 1895.
你并不孤独
He was a British Conrvative politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during World War II. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, he rved as prime minister twice (1940-1945 and 1951-1955). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize for Literature (in 1953), and was the first person to be made an Honorary Citizen of the United States.
4. Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (1879-1955), born to a Jewish family in Germany, grew up in Munich and moved to Italy in 1894. As a boy, he was said to be slow in learning to talk, but later in his childhood he showed great curiosity about nature and a likewi great ability to solve difficult mathematical problems. After he left school, he went to Switzerland, where he
graduated from university with a degree in mathematics. In 1905, Einstein published a ries of papers which shook the whole scientific and intellectual world. For the theories he established in his papers, he won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. Among the important discoveries Einstein made in his life, the greatest is the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity. He was considered the greatest scientist of the 20th century and one of the greatest of all time. His discoveries and theories have greatly influenced science in many fields.
5. Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison (1847-1931) was an American inventor, scientist and businessman. Edison had very little formal education as a child, attending school only for a few months. He was taught reading, writing, and arithmetic by his mother, but he was always a very curious child and taught himlf much by reading on his own. This belief in lf-improvement remained throughout his life.
He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial rearch laboratory. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. Edison originated the concept and implementation of electric-power generation and distribution to homes, business, and factories — a crucial development in the modern industrialized world.
6. Sandra Day O'Connor
Sandra Day O'Connor (1930- ,) is an American jurist who was the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States. She rved as an Associate Justice from 1981 until her retirement from the Court in 2006.
She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor of the US in 2009.
7. Stanford
Commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, it is an American private rearch university located in Stanford, California. Stanford is a founding member of the Association of American Universities, and one of the world's leading rearch and teaching institutions. Its academic reputation, alumni, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
Ⅱ.New Words
1. preclude vt. (fml.) prevent sth. or make sth. impossible 阻碍；阻止；妨碍
Better options may come along later, and taking the first option will preclude them from being free for the later and better ones. 后面可能会出现更好的选择，选了第一个他们就无法自由选择后面更好的了。
2. whereby ad. (fml.) ud for saying that sth. is done according to the method, arrangement, rule, etc. that has been referred to 凭那个；借以
Officials propod a system of double-checking on traders whereby they would be obliged to list every item exported and imported. 官员们提出了一个对贸易商进行复核的制度，这样贸易商将被迫列出进出口的每一个项目。
3.patriotic a.feeling a lot of love, respect, and duty toward your country 爱国的；有爱国心的
绿色屏保
The Chine people have a glorious patriotic tradition, and they are great peace-loving people. 中国人民具有光荣的爱国传统，是伟大的、热爱和平的人民。
4.clear-cut a.definite and easy to understand, recognize, or make a decision about 明确的；清楚的
You have to be really clear-cut about who you are and what you're trying to achieve.
你必须真正清楚你是谁，你想达到什么目的。
5.inhibit vt.make it difficult for a process to start or continue in a normal way 阻碍；妨碍；抑制
好看的灵异小说This strict supervision of their activities will make them less decisive and may inhibit them from giving orders or taking charge of the situation. 对他们行动的这种严密监控将使他们优柔寡断，还可能会妨碍他们发布命令、掌控局势。
6. bypass vt.1 avoid dealing with sb. or sth., esp. becau you think you can achieve sth. more quickly without using them （做某事时）避开，越过（某人）
A flexible plan can allow us to bypass unnecessary tasks and ignore unimportant interruptions. 一个灵活的计划可以让我们避开不必要的任务，忽略不重要的干扰。
2 avoid the center of a town or city by using a road that goes round it 绕过；绕…走Roadways, bridges, overpass, and interchanges could run through or bypass urban areas. 公路、桥梁、天桥和立体交叉道穿过或绕过城区。
7. spur n.[C] sth. that encourages sb. to do sth. 刺激；激励；鞭策；鼓舞
The soccer team's manager said that the team's success on Saturday would be a spur which would lead to even greater effort this ason.
这支足球队的经理说球队周六的胜利将会鼓舞球队在本赛季更加努力。
vt.1 encourage sb. to do sth. 刺激；激励；鞭策；鼓舞
The promi of bonus or gifts can spur workers to higher achievement.
脱贫攻坚总结
承诺给工人奖金或礼品可以激励他们取得更大的成绩。
2 cau sth. to happen 使发生
The discovery of diamonds and gold spurred wealth and immigration in this region.
钻石和黄金的发现使该地区财富激增，并引发了涌往该地区的移民潮。
8.dedication n.[U] the large amount of time and effort that sb. spends on sth. 奉献；献身The volunteers' dedication and support have been invaluable for the Art Association's funds and for managing them effectively.
在艺协基金及其有效管理上，志愿者的奉献和支持是非常宝贵的。
9. commend vt. (fml.)1 prai sb. or sth. formally or publicly （正式或公开）表扬，称赞，表彰
I would like to commend you for the support you give with your excellent articles to rural artists and craftspeople.
我十分赞赏你通过精彩的文章而给予农村艺术家和手艺人的支持。
2 tell sb. that a person or thing is good, uful, or suitable 推荐
I don't usually commend everyone who does a good job; I only commend people who do an excellent job. 对工作干得好的人我不是都推荐，我只推荐工作成绩优异的人。
10. endeavor n.[C, U] an effort to do sth., esp. sth. new or difficult 努力；尽力
Driving is a rious endeavor and all drivers must remain alert, awake, and aware to reduce the number of accidents on the roads. 驾车是一个严肃认真的行为，所有的司机都必须保持警觉，头脑清醒，尽力减少道路事故的发生。
vi. (fml.) (~ to do sth.) try very hard to do sth. 努力做（某事）；尽力做（某事）
They endeavor to tell the stories behind each picture, allowing visitors to e paintings of landscapes with a greater understanding. 他们尽力去讲述每幅画背后的故事，让参观者欣赏风景画时有更深层的理解。
11.unprecedented a.1 never having happened or existed before前所未有的；史无前例的The vice-president would take the unprecedented step of using federal money to rai the salaries of some teachers.
副总统将采取史无前例的措施，利用联邦基金来提高部分教师的工资。
2 the greatest in size, amount, degree, etc. that has ever been known （大小、数量、程度等）前所未知的，空前的
In the late 1950s, the slaughter of dolphins began on an unprecedented scale. 20世纪50年代后期，对海豚前所未有的大规模屠杀开始了。
The private school's director nominated Mr. Williams as his official reprentative at the conference. 在这次会议上，该私立学校的校董提名威廉斯先生为他的官方代表。
13.maintain vt.make sth. stay the same; keep 保持；维持
Only a few people nowadays are able to maintain friendships into adulthood.
如今只有少数人能将友谊维持到成年了。
14. transcend vt. (fml.) become free of negative attitudes, thoughts, or feelings that limit what you can achieve 超越，摆脱（消极的态度、思想或情绪）
She was able to transcend her own suffering and help others.
她能够战胜自身的痛苦并帮助他人。
15.handicap n. [C]
1 a disadvantage that prevents you from doing sth. well 障碍；不利条件
Smoking is a known handicap to sleep. 人们已知吸烟对睡眠不利。
2 (old-fashioned) a physical or mental injury or illness that is vere and permanent （身体或智力的）缺陷，残疾（该词现在被认为具冒犯义）
Often some physical or mental handicap prevents a child from learning. 身体或智力上的某种缺陷常常妨碍孩子学习。
Phras and expressions
take sth. or sb. away from a place 移开；拿开；去掉；从…机构开除
The new computerized system removed 700 people from their jobs.
新系统的计算机化使得700人失去了工作。叶企孙简介
2. deviate from sth.wps删除空白行
be different from sth.; do sth. differently from what is usual or expected 背离；偏离；违背Tho who deviate from one part of the plan are almost certain to deviate from the whole in the end. 偏离部分计划的人最终几乎一定会背离整体计划。
3. preclude sb. from doing sth.
prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事；妨碍某人做某事
Better options may come along later, and taking the first option will preclude them from being free for the later and better ones.
后面可能会出现更好的选择，选了第一个他们就无法自由选择后面更好的了。
亲情作文300字4. write sb. / sth. off
decide that sb. or sth. is a failure or not worth paying any attention to 认定…失败（或没有价值、不可救药等）
Don't write John off too soon; he may surpri you!
不要过早放弃约翰，他也许会出乎你的意料！
5. fail in sth.
not be successful in achieving sth. 做…失败；未能做到…
I'm sorry to tell you that your friend failed in his attempt to get the position.
很抱歉地告诉你，你朋友争取得到这个职位的尝试失败了。
