原子的定义_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Report Information from ProQuest
April 03 2015 21:13
_______________________________________________________________
目录
1. A Brief Introduction of Skopos Theory (1)
参考书目 (9)
第 1 个文档，共 1 个
A Brief Introduction of Skopos Theory
ProQuest 文档链接客舍青青
摘要: There are many theories of translation study, among which, Skopos theory is a new branch and can explain and instruct many translation activities. This paper puts forth some basic concepts of Skopos theory, introduces some basic rules of it, and concludes the merits and limitations of Skopos theory. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
链接: CALIS e得文献获取, TALIS书目,
UNICAT联合目录(刊名)
全文文献: Headnote
Abstract-There are many theories of translation study, among which, Skopos theory is a new branch and can explain and instruct many translation activities. This paper puts forth some basic concepts of Skopos theory, introduces some basic rules of it, and concludes the merits and limitations of Skopos theory.
Index Terms-Skopos theory, action, coherence, culture, adequacy, equivalence
I. ABRIEF HISTORY OF TRANSLATION STUDIES AND THE DEFINITION OF SKOPOS THEORY
A. A Brief History of Translation Studies
Writings on the subject of translating go far back in recorded history. The practice of translation was discusd by, for example, Cicero and Horace (first century BCE) and St Jerome (fourth century CE). In St. Jerome's ca, his approach to translating the Greek Septuagint Bible into Latin would affect later translations of the Scriptures. Indeed, the translation of the Bible was to be - for well over a thousand years and especially during the Reformation in the sixteenth century - the battleground of conflicting ideologies in Western Europe. However, although the practice of translating is long established, the study of the field developed into an academic discipline only in the cond half of the twentieth century. Before that, translation had normally been merely an element of language learning in modern language cours. The gearing of translation to language teaching and learning may partly explain why academia considered it to be of condary status. Translation exercis were regarded as a means of learning a new language or of reading a foreign language text until one had the linguistic ability to read the original. Study of a work in translation was generally frowned upon once the student had acquired the necessary skills to read the original.
Another area in which translation became the subject of rearch was contrastive analysis. This is the study of two languages in contrast in an attempt to identify general and specific differences betw
een them. It developed into a systematic area of rearch in the USA from the 1930s onwards and came to the fore in the 1960s and 1970s. Translations and translated examples provided much of the data in the studies. The contrastive approach heavily influenced other studies, which overtly stated their aim of assisting translation rearch. Although uful, contrastive analysis does not, however, incorporate sociocultural and pragmatic factors, nor the role of translation as a communicative act. Nevertheless, the continued application of a linguistic approach in general, and specific linguistic models such as generative grammar or functional grammar has demonstrated an inherent and gut link with translation. While, in some universities, translation continues to be studied as a module on applied linguistics cours, the evolving field of translation studies can point to its own systematic models that have incorporated other linguistic models and developed them for its own purpos. At the same time, the construction of the new discipline has involved moving away from considering translation as primarily connected to language teaching and learning. Instead, the new focus is the specific study of what happens in and around translating and translation.山东煎饼怎么吃
幕府是什么意思The more systematic, and mostly linguistic-oriented, approach to the study of translation began to emerge in the 1950s and 1960s. There are a number of classic examples:
Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet: Stylistique comparee du francais de l'anglais, a contrastive ap
proach that categorized what they saw happening in the practice of translation between French and English; Georges Mounin: Les problemes theoriques de la traduction, examined linguistic issues of translation;
Eugene Nida: incorporated elements of Chomsky's then fashionable generative grammar as a theoretical underpinning of his books, which were initially designed to be practical manuals for Bible translators.
The more systematic and "scientific" approaches in many ways began to mark out the territory of the academic investigation of translation. The word "science" was ud by Nida in the title of his 1964 book (Toward a Science of Translating, 1964a, cited in Munday 2001). At that time, even the name of the emerging discipline remained to be determined, with candidates such as "translatology" in English - and its counterparts "translatologie" in French and "traductologia" in Spanish - staking their claim.
A minal paper in the development of the field as a distinct discipline was James S. Holmes's The name and nature of translation studies. In his Contemporary Translation Theories, Gentzler (Munday, 2001) describes Holmes's paper as "generally accepted as the founding statement for the f
ield". Crucially, Holmes puts forward an overall framework, describing what translation studies covers. This framework has subquently been prented by the leading Israeli translation scholar Gideon Toury with a displaying map. The crucial role played by Holmes's paper is the delineation of the potential of translation studies. However, this paper omits any mention of the individuality of the style, decision-making process and working practices of human translators involved in the translation process.
红烧鱼段The surge in translation studies since the 1970s has en different areas of Holmes's map come to the fore. Contrastive analysis has fallen by the wayside. The linguistic-oriented "science" of translation has continued strongly in Germany, but the concept of equivalence associated with it has declined. Germany has en the ri of theories centered on text types and text purpo, while the Halliday views language as a communicative act in a sociocultural context, which has been prominent over the past decades, especially in Australia and the UK, and has been applied to translation in a ries of works by scholars.
The late 1970s and the 1980s also saw the ri of a descriptive approach that had its origins in comparative literature and Russian Formalism. In literary polysystem, amongst other things, different literatures and genres, including translated and non-translated works, compete for dominance.
The 1990s saw the incorporation of new schools and concepts, with Canadian-bad translation and gender rearch led by Sherry Simon, the Brazilian cannibalist school promoted by El Vieira, postcolonial translation theory, with the prominent figures of the Bengali scholars Tejaswini Niranjana and Gayatri Spivak and, in the USA, the cultural-studies-oriented analysis of Lawrence Venuti, who champions the cau of the translator. For years, the practice of translation was considered to be derivative and condary, an attitude that inevitably devalued any academic study of the activity. Now, after much neglect and repression, translation studies have become well established. It is making swiftadvances worldwide, although not without a hint of trepidation.
B. The Definition and History of Skopos Theory
In the history of translation studies, for a long time, when people asss the quality of a translation, they are likely to employ "equivalence" or "faithfulness" to the source text as the most authoritative criterion to judge whether the translation is successful or not.
This kind of translation evaluation is stereotyped and over-simplified. Although this trend plays a positive role in guiding translation practice and standardizing the translation field, other factors should not be neglected, becau translation is a complex human activity and the study of translatio
n also should be descriptive. Under this situation, the Skopos theory, by viewing translation as an action with purpo, tries to open up a new perspective on such aspects as the status of the source text and the target text, their relationship, the concept of translation, the role of the translator, translation standards and strategies.
Skopos theory put forward by Hans J. Vermeer is the core of the functionalist translation theory developed in Germany in the 1970s. This is a new perspective of looking at translation, which is no longer limited by
conventional source-text oriented views. Vermeer finds that, according to action theory, every action has a purpo, and, since translation is an action, it must have a purpo too. The purpo is assigned to every translation by means of commission.
To some extent, Skopos theory makes up for the deficiency of conventional translation theories. In the framework of Skopos theory, there are not such things as right or wrong, faithfulness or unfaithfulness, and the translation Skopos decides the translation process. Skopos theory accounts for different strategies in different situations, in which the source text is not the only factor involved.
Skopos is the Greek word for "aim" or "purpo" and was introduced into translation theory in the 19
70s by Hans J. Vermeer as a technical term for the purpo of a translation and of the action of translating. Hans Vermeer believes that the purpo of a text determines the translation strategies. He objects to the traditional equivalence-bad theories, which speak of the source text, or its effects on the source text reader, or the purpo of the source text author as a decisive factor in translation and rais the Skopos of the translation action to the center.汽车底盘构造
In Christiane Nord's Translating as a Purpoful Activity-Functionalist Approaches Explained, she defines the Skopos theory in this way:
Skopos is a Greek word for "purpo". According to Skopostheorie (the theory that applies the notion of Skopos to translation), the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpo (Skopos) of the overall translational action. This fits in with intentionality being part of the very definition of any action.
Skopos theory focus above all on the purpo of the translation, which determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. This result is the TT, which Vermeer calls the translatum. Therefore, in Skopos theory, knowing why an ST is to be translated and what the function of the TT will be crucial for the translator.
The Skopos theory experienced four stages:报警英文
(1) Katharina Reiss and the functional category of translation criticism
(2) Hans J.Vermeer: Skopostheorie and beyond
(3) Justa Holz-Manttari and the theory of translational action.
(4) Christiane Nord's Function plus Loyalty Principle
The book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism, written by Katharina Reiss, can be regarded as the "starting point for the scholarly analysis of translation in German" (Nord, 2001). In her opinion, the ideal translation would be one "in which the aim in the TL (target language) is equivalence as regards the conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function of a SL (source language). However, she finds in some situation equivalence is impossible. She also explains some exceptions from the equivalence becau of the translation brief which we will talk about next.
In order to bridge the gap between theory and practice, Hans J. Vermeer gives up the equivalence theory and lays the foundation of functional theory: Skopos theory. In his opinion, we can not solve al
l the problems in the translation just by linguistics alone. According to Action Theory, human action is a kind of purpoful behavior in a given situation. In his opinion, translation is a kind of translational action on the foundation of a source text. Therefore, Vermeer names his theory Skopos theory, a theory of purpoful action. Reader is one of the most important factors determining the purpo of the translation. Vermeer thinks that to translate means to produce a text in a target tting for a target purpo and target addres in target circumstances.
香蜜插曲"Translational action" was put forward by Justa Holz-Manttari in 1981.The theory is bad on action theory, being designed to cover all forms of intercultural transfer. In his model, translation is defined as complex action designed to achieve a particular purpo. She pays much attention to the actionable aspects of the translational process. In the process, the role of the participants and the situational conditions in which their activities take place is analyzed. The generic term is "translational action". The purpo of translational action is to transfer message overcoming culture and language barriers through message transmitters produced by expects.
