被动语态的翻译
教学内容
⏹1、英语中常用被动语态的情况
⏹Why passive voice is ud in English?
⏹2、汉语中被动意义的表现方式
良言如春⏹How the n of “passiveness” is conveyed in Chine
⏹3、英语被动语态的翻译
Memo
⏹Suppo a little boy broke someone’s window.
⏹1. Your son broke my window.
⏹2. The window was broken by your son.
⏹春节法定Notes: If the owner of the hou wants to complain to the boy’s parent, he would say “1”;
⏹But if he just talks about the window and does not want to trace the responsibility of the incident he would simply say “2”.
⏹When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to ri are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condend into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is ud as fuel.
⏹When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to ri are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condend into
paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is ud as fuel.
⏹一、被动语态在英语中的运用
被动语态的广泛使用是英语区别于汉语的一大特点。这一特点在科技英语语体中反映得尤为突出。这不仅是因为被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩，结构更简单，还因为有不必、不愿或无从说出施动者等情况的存在。
⏹1、不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。将冰山劈开例如：
Such books are written for children.
We haven’t been told about it.
The English evening has been put off till Saturday.
⏹2、出于礼貌措辞等方面考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。例如：
You are requested to give a performance.
It is said that you were late for class this morning. Why were your late?
⏹3、无从说出施动者是谁。例如：
You’re wanted on the phone.
The problem is being studied.
Rice is chiefly grown in the south.
⏹4、为了便于上下衔接。例如：
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
Jack fought John in the men’s singles last night and was beaten.
幸亏一个渔夫救起了他。
“Fortunately, a fisherman picked him up.”
鲜虾粥的做法
“Fortunately, he was picked up by a fisherman.”
⏹5、为了突出谈话的中心。例如：
The song was compod by a French musician.
The program was designed by ourlves.
⏹There is no grammar item of voice in Chine, and the 被ntence is thought of as one of the special patterns. In many cas the n of “passiveness” is often covet (unmarked) in Chine, that is, the n of the passive is implied in the active form. But they often have complements:
⏹房子盖好了。旧报纸卖了。肉切厚了点儿。练习做完了。计划想出来了。报告听完了。
二、汉语被动意义的表达方式
◆用词汇的手段来表现被动意义
例如：
1、“为”字结构 “茅屋为秋风所破”
2、“被”字式——不幸语态 “被捕”， “被剥削”，“被压迫”，“被杀”
3、“让”、”给”、”叫”、“挨”、“受”、“饲料酵母遭以字”、“蒙”
庄稼让大水冲跑了。
The crops were washed away by the flood.
叫你猜对了
You’ve guesd right.
4、“是……的” 表示静态的句子 这些产品是我国制造的。
5、“……的是”
推荐我的是一位教授。
6、“……加以/予以”组成倒置的宾语结构
幼儿园后勤总结这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。
◆用词序手段来表现被动意义
1、受事者——动词
困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。
2、受事着——施事者——动词
我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久地记住。
三、翻译方法
◆翻译成汉语的主动句
1、 “加以”, “经过”, “用……来”
2、增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语
3、主语译成宾语
4、翻译成汉语的无主句（zero-subject ntences）
5、翻译成带“是……的”的主动句
◆译成汉语的被动句
1、汉语句中有“被”、“受”、“挨”、“遭受”等词
2、译成“为……所”的结构
◆译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句（causative structure使动结构）
◆翻译成汉语的主动句
◆ “加以”, “经过”, “用……来” ，“可以用来”
●Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.
有些花儿产生的油可以用来制造香水。植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。
●Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and
even life itlf can be summed up in one word:
radiation.
2.增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语
It is generally accepted that the experiences
of the child in his first years largely determine
his character and later personality.
It could be argued that the radio performs this
rvice as well, but on television everything is
much more living, much more real.
⏹It is asrted that … 有人主张 ……
It is believed that … 有人认为……
It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为
It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知)……
It will be said … 有人会说……
It was told that … 有人曾经说……
It is announced that …据宣布说
It is predicted that…据预测，有人预测
It has been found that…已经发现
3.主语译成宾语一筹莫展是什么意思
By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.
4.翻译成汉语的无主句
Great efforts should be made to inform young people
