Civil rights
民权词汇
这里是一些谈论civil rights（民权）问题的有用搭配。
Dr.Martin Luther King Jr.struggled to attain his goals peacefully.马丁路德金博士为了和平实现目标努力奋斗。
He championed the cau of poor people everywhere.他到处维护穷人的利益。
He wanted to eradicate poverty.他想消除疾病和贫穷。
用定冠词the+一个形容词来表示一类人，比如，the sick、the poor和the rich。poor的名词形式是poverty，wealth是wealthy的名词形式。
There's a big gap between the rich and the poor.富人和穷人之间的差距很大。
So many people live in poverty,while so few hold the wealth.生活在贫困中的人是那么多，而富裕的人却又那么少。
美国人有时通过种族来表明身份。African Americans或black people的祖先来自非洲。其他族群包括Asian Americans；American Indians或Native Americans；以及Latinos或Hispanics。
政府和其他机构用自己的语言来定义美国居民，有时候这个族群的定义很广（比如，Caucasian表示拥有不同祖先的white people），有时又比较窄（for example,'Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander'）。我们需要知道的是族群的叫法有可能是个敏感话题，这方面的争论超越了地域、时代、甚至社会和政治界限。
Dr.King fought for civil rights for African Americans.金博士为了非裔美国人的民权而战。The first Asian Americans came to the US from the Philippines in the1750s.首批亚裔美国人是在18世纪50年代从菲律宾来到美国的。
'Hispanic'generally refers to people of Spanish or Spanish-speaking culture,but definitions vary.
西班牙裔一般指在西班牙或西班牙语国家的人，但也不一定。
文化点：美国被认为是一个“大熔炉”，因其民众大部分是移民，而有些人对美国的认同超过了对自己的祖先。最好了解一下他们更喜欢别人怎么称呼自己，避免贴上个人标签。
前缀non-加在词首，意思是no或者not。用nonviolence和nonpartisan一类的词来谈论民权和政治。
King achieved his goals peacefully,through nonviolent action.金通过非暴力行为和平实现了自己的目标。
The organization is nonprofit and nonpartisan.该组织为非盈利、无党派。
语言提示：这里的例子没有hyphen(连字符)。你会看到这类词和其他诸如non-的带了连字符的前缀。标点符号有可能会随着时间的推移而改变，很多带连字符的词现在已经没有连字符了。
guaranteed wage或guaranteed annual income是金博士强烈支持的一项运动。
A guaranteed annual income would help poor people afford housing.最低年收入保障可以帮助穷人买房。
按顺序阅读
当你读一段文字时，注意帮助你紧跟事件发生顺序的词汇和短语。比如，找出关键日期和年份：
King began his political career in college in the early1950s.金在20世纪50年代早期的大学时代开了政治生涯。
King led a civil rights march in Chicago in the summer of1966.1966年夏，金在芝加哥领导了一个民权游行。
He was assassinated on April4,1968.他在1968年4月4日遇刺。
找出显示时间的词汇和短语：
Once he proved his leadership abilities,he became well-known across the nation.他的领导能力一经证实立即全国皆知。
Prior to the civil rights movement,laws parated white people from black people.在民权运动之前，法律隔离了白人与黑人。
While in Washington,King delivered his famous'I Have a Dream'speech.金在华盛顿发表了著名的“我有一个梦想”演说。
找出提示一系列事件的副词：
Afterward,he became a celebrated person in US civil rights history.后来，他成为了美国民权史上的一位名人。
Subquently,he was assassinated.随后，他被暗杀了。
Previously,activist W.E.B.Du Bois had made an enormous impact.之前，激进分子W.E.B.杜波依斯已经造成了巨大影响。
Later,Barbara Jordan became the first African American congresswoman from the South.之后，芭芭拉·乔丹成为了南部首位非裔美国国会女议员。
Dr.Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr.,the US civil rights leader,began his political career as president of his nior college class in1951.Four years after college,he earned his doctorate from Boston University.His talent for leadership developed and,following university study,Dr.King went on to become a member of the executive board of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP),an organization still at the forefront of civil rights today.
King's early leadership roles helped prepare him to take charge of one of the most dramatic events in US civil rights history:the1955bus boycott in Montgomery,Alabama–a protest inspired by Rosa Parks.Becau Parks,a black woman,refud to give her at to a white pasnger,she was arreste
d by the police.King and other black leaders championed Parks'cau, asking African Americans in Montgomery to stop riding public bus.The boycott lasted381days and caud significant financial damage to the bus company.Prior to the boycott,the law said
that black people could not sit with white people on public bus,and they had to give up their ats when the white ction was full.Just one year later,King had achieved what many people wanted:The US Supreme Court declared gregation on bus unconstitutional,ensuring that black people could ride on bus as equals.Once people heard about the success of the bus boycott,they began to think of King as the nation's most powerful black leader.
Subquently,King helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC),a religious organization that provided leadership and guidance during the civil rights movement.He was with the SCLC until his assassination in1968.King traveled the country speaking and writing about the concept of civil rights and the need for new laws that ensured equality.In1963,he led a historic,nonviolent event in Washington,DC–the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom –in which about250,000people collectively demanded of President John F.Kennedy and the government equal opportunities for all people.It was during that event that King delivered his most famous speech,'I Have a Dream.'
The march was credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of1964and the Voting Rights Act of1965.And King's celebrated speech not only cemented his position as the nation's most important civil rights leader but also won admiration from people around the world. Political communication
He's a convincing liar.他是个很容易让人相信的骗子。
The opposing speaker made some good points.反方说了一些很好的观点。
Her admiring fans cheered every word she said.她的痴迷粉丝为她说的每个词喝彩。
有些词形式不变。比如，blame既可以是名词也可以是动词，通常不会用作形容词。
I blame mylf.It was my mistake.我怪我自己。都是我的错。
The politician took the blame for the mistake.这位政客承担了过错。ambiguous speech
模棱两可的话
two different meanings
两个不同的含义
interpret the statement
解读声明
cherry picking
摘樱桃（指某人，比如政客可以选择对自己有利的事实，忽略不利的事实）
support his argument
支持他的言论
carefully lect
仔细选择
Speak in the passive.
谈话中使用被动语态
avoid taking direct responsibility
避免承担直接责任
avoid taking direct responsibility
避免承担直接责任
The passive voice takes out the person.
被动语态去掉了动作实施者。
so it doesn't reflect so badly
所以影响还没那么大
Dirty politics肮脏政治
用这类词汇和表达来谈论政客生涯的开端。
Initially,people want to be politicians to make the world a better place.首先，人们从政是希望把世界变得更好。
They have a genuine desire to fight poverty.他们真心希望和贫穷作斗争。They think they'll become very powerful or influential.他们认为自己会变得十分强大或有影响力。
Then they start to deal with specifics and learn about the reality of politics.然后他们就开始着手细节，了解政界的真实情况。
用这类词汇和表达来谈论一项运动中的肮脏政治。
Holbrook is running a campaign that's very persuasive but also deceptive.霍尔布鲁克正在开展一项煽动性极强但是带有欺骗性质的运动。
Politicians can become corrupt when they make deals to get
elected.当政客们为了当选而进行交易时腐败就滋生了。
你可以用fractions（分数）而不是percentages（百分比）来表示整体的一部分。One-quarter(1/4)是25percent,one-half(1/2)is50percent，three-quarters(3/4)是75percent。
More than three-quarters of the population believe that corruption腐败will increa.超过四分之三的民众认为腐败会更严重。
About a quarter of the public thinks politicians aren't doing enough.大约四分之一的公众认为政客做得不够。
政府头衔
美国各级政府均由一名具有特定头衔的政客领导。president（总统）领导国家，governor（州长）通过选举上任，领导美国的一个州。mayor（市长）管理一个城市。
被选举上台共同制定法律的政客群体称为legislature（立法机关）。legislature制定legislation(法例)。
可以合法参与选举投票的人叫做citizens（公民）。
政府头衔
美国各级政府均由一名具有特定头衔的政客领导。president（总统）领导国家，governor（州长）通过选举上任，领导美国的一个州。mayor（市长）管理一个城市。
被选举上台共同制定法律的政客群体称为legislature（立法机关）。legislature制定legislation(法例)。
可以合法参与选举投票的人叫做citizens（公民）。
肮脏竞选
美国政客由该国公民选举office（上任）。有时候选举会受到资金捐助偏向某位候选人的special interest groups（特殊利益集团）或lobbyists（说客）的影响。政客因帮助某人而收受的非法资金称为bribe（贿赂）。
Corruption in politics
What's the first thing that comes to mind when you think of corruption in politics? Most people would say:'corrupt elections.'And it's true that corruption can destroy an election,whether it's a politician buying a citizen's vote,or a special interest group giving a mayoral candidate a huge donation to help run his campaign and to buy his loyalty.
But the are not the only kinds of dirty politics.In the state of Illinois alone,four elected governors have been convicted for political corruption since1973.A powerful politician may take bribes from others in exchange for helping a person or company.The bribe may also be a way for someone to get influence in the legislature. On a local level,citizens may have crets about a mayor that they threaten to share with the public;they u that knowledge to blackmail the mayor into supporting a law.
Dirty politics are harmful becau they result in politicians making decisions bad on money or fear,instead of helping the citizens.What's the solution?Demand that your mayor,your governor and all of your lawmakers be honest.Support laws that prevent special interest groups from controlling elections.Ask companies to publish their donations so that their intentions are clear.Insist on clean,fair politics.
表达失望或厌恶
