父亲对儿童性别发展发展的影响
1.作者张积家 烟台师范学院
儿童的性别意识什么时候产生?如何发展?是发展心理学家和性别差异心理学家共同关心的课题。在儿童性别意识的发展过程中,儿童的性别自认和性别偏好是性别意识发展的重要方面。一般认为儿童性别自认(即知道自己的性别)的开始年龄是3岁。
2.作者：王恩国； 郭明印
性别角色发展是儿童社会化发展的一个重要方面,性别角色发展包括性别概念和性别角色知识的发展两个方面。早期家庭教育、角色游戏、学校教育以及大众传媒对儿童性别角色发展有重要影响。
3.作者：沈雪松； 王禹霏
现在越来越多的父母都非常关心和重视孩子青春期的性教育,但却往往忽略孩子在儿童时期的性别意识培养。儿童性别意识的培养是多方因素互相综合而成的结果,包括家庭教育、学校教
育、社会教育等等,其中在儿童性别意识形成的早期,家庭教育有着尤为重要的影响。因此,本文从家庭教育下培养性别意识的必要性出发,阐述了儿童性别养成的重要性,从外在形象、内在素养及激励强化三个角度探讨了在家庭教育模式下对儿童性别意识养成的培养
4.作者：李雪平； 黄鸿；西华师范大学四川省教育发展研究中心；
父亲参与对儿童性别角色的形成有非常重要的影响。他们通过角色期待、抚养方式、游戏互动等渠道,影响儿童性别角色的认同、性别角色的稳定性和性别角色恒常性的形成。同时,也影响儿童自我概念以及未来婚姻观和社会归属感等性别角色内容的发展。因此,应该努力通过营造良好的家庭氛围、增加陪伴互动时间、利用社会支持等手段,促进儿童性别角色的正确形成。
5.作者：李泽志； 袁妮；
亲子关系是家庭中最基本和最重要的关系。在我国传统观念“男主外,女住内”的思想和现代社会激烈竞争影响下,很多父亲“淡出”家庭教育,认为母亲是孩子的主要抚养者,在亲子关系中起着主要的作用。实际上父亲在亲子关系中同样起重要的作用,对孩子的性别角色发展和社会性发展有着比母亲更为重要的影响作用,而且是母亲所不能替代的。
6.作者:Leslie D. Leve, Beverly I. Fagot
Parental discipline and gender-role socialization are two interrelated normative process that may be affected by family structure, parent gender, and child gender. To investigate the family process and how they may differ depending on family composition, three groups of families (approximately 90% Caucasian) with 5-year-old children were studied: 67 two-parent families, 32 single-mother families, and 13 single-father families. In the two-parent families, mothers were focud on in 33 of the families and fathers were focud on in 34 of the families. Overall, gender-role socialization process were affected by family structure and parent gender: Single-parent families and mothers had less traditional gender-role socialization than two-parent families and fathers. Family discipline... process were also affected by family structure, as single-parent families reported more positive behavior from their children and reported using more problem-solving strategies. Regardless of family structure, parents ud different discipline strategies depending on the gender of parent and child. No evidence was found to suggest that gender-role socialization mediated the discipline process.
7.作者：朱淑贞；福建师范大学
父亲缺失对儿童性别发展的影响：本研究通过对父亲缺失与父亲未缺失儿童的性别角色、自尊和生活满意度的比较,来探讨父亲缺失以及缺失的各个类型对儿童心理发展的影响。采用问卷法,以福州市和莆田市的两所市区小学和三所农村小学的三到六年级学生中的386名父亲缺失儿童为研究对象,以这五所学校的294名父亲未缺失儿童为参照对象进行研究,采用自编的儿童父亲缺失状况问卷、自编的性别角色问卷、魏运华编制的儿童自尊量表(CSES)和张兴贵编制的生活满意度量表进行调查,将父亲未缺失儿童与父亲缺失的各类型儿童的性别角色发展、自尊和生活满意度进行对比,探讨父亲缺失对儿童性别角色、自尊和生活满意度的影响。研究结果显示：(1)小学儿童的性别角色发展受父亲缺失的影响,父亲未缺失的男孩同性气质和异性气质发展比父亲缺失的男孩要好,父亲未缺失的女孩女性气质发展比父亲缺失的女孩好。(2)父亲缺失的儿童在自尊的各个维度上都显著低于父亲未缺失的儿童。不同类型的父亲缺失对儿童的自尊的不同维度影响不同。(3)在生活满意度上,父亲缺失儿童的得分显著低于父亲未缺失儿童。不同类型的父亲缺失对儿童生活满意度的影响不同。
8.作者：Jelani Mandara, Carolyn B. Murray, Toya N. Joyner
Gender role development was assd in 52 father-abnt and 54 father-prent African American adolescents. Father-prent boys, especially tho from lower-income backgrounds, had higher perceptions of their masculinity than did father-abnt boys. Lower income father-abnt girls perceived themlves to be higher in masculinity than did all other girls. Conquently, father-prent adolescents tended to have more traditional gender role orientations than did tho in father-abnt homes. It is argued that mothers' and fathers' different socializing strategies balance out in two-parent homes. However, in father-abnt homes, mothers' tendency to rely on and pressure their daughters fosters relatively more masculine girls, whereas a lack of father socialization fosters less masculine boys. Implications for theory and future rearch are also discusd.
9.Father's Impact on Son's Gender Role Identity
作者 Jouko Huttunen
The study investigates the similarities between the gender role identities of 12 year‐old boys and their fathers. An attempt was also made to determine the influence of father‐son interaction on the specific nature of the similarities. The study was carried out in Jyväskylä and the subjects comprid 113 12 year‐old boys and their fathers. The x role orientation of fathers and their sons was measured by a x role inventory designed for the study. Father — son correlations were studied in relation to the frequency and quality of father‐son interaction, especially with regard to the paternal warmth and paternal control involved. The son's masculinity correlated positively with the father's masculinity and negatively with the father's femininity. Both the warmth of the father‐son relationship and paternal control strengthened the associations. The femininity of the son did not correlate either with the femininity or the masculinity of the father.
作者：江建华； 黄石理工学院师范学院；
儿童性别角色社会化进程中,父母的影响不可忽视,尤其是父亲,在儿童性别角色发展过程中有着独特和重要的影响。文章主要从父亲的性别化的行为模式、父亲在家庭里扮演的角色
与功能、父亲与孩子的交往方式和教育方式等方面,探讨父亲在儿童性别角色认同、性别身份认同、性别行为定型等性别角色社会化发展进程中的重要作用。
个人简述：在阅读了国内外对于家庭影响儿童性别发展的文章后，根据相关的数据调查，以及研究结论表明，和谐的家庭环境，父母参与陪伴孩子的时间以及父母对于孩子性别的认同的开放程度，都在一定程度上影响了儿童的性别角色发展。其中，在研究父亲对儿童性别角色发展的问题中最为关键的要素为父亲个人对性别的理解，以及父亲在陪伴儿童时所表现出的性别角色的特征，这些影响儿童对自身性别角色发展的理解。相较于母亲的性别角色认知模糊化，不易区分，父亲身上所具有的明显性别表现特征往往会吸引儿童自觉模仿。因此，父亲在儿童性别角色发展的过程中扮演极其重要的指导者，儿童也更希望和父亲一起参与日常活动。
13学前3班
钱媚娜
