简易精神状态量表 (MMSE)的使用办法的相关介绍
简易精神状态量表 (the Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)可以说是认知检查最常用的一个量表了,其量表很容易得到,但在使用中不同的人偏差较大
使用注意事项:
MMSE使用很广泛,但使用的方法和不同中译文有不规范之处。
(1)定向力:日期和星期差一天可计正常。
(2)即刻记忆:也称最初或一级记忆,要求患者记忆3个性质不同的样物件。告知时需连续给出,应清晰、慢、一秒钟一个。第一次记忆的结果确定即刻记忆的分数[3分],且为以后“回忆”检查作准备。重复学习最多6次,若仍不能记忆,则后面(4)项的回忆检查则无意义。
(3)注意和计算[5分]:
有两种方法:①要求患者从100连续减7,每错一次扣一分。或②要求患者倒背述“瑞雪兆丰
年”,如倒背错为“年丰雪兆瑞”则为3分,以此类推。
(4)语言[9分]:
①命名[2分]:给患者出示表和圆珠笔,能正确命名各记一分。
②语言复述:是检查语言复述能力,要求患者复述一中等难度的成语,如“说话不要拐弯抹角”或“好读书不求甚解”等。因为不是检查患者语言流利程度,更不是测验患者口齿灵巧和熟练性,故禁用绕口令。Folstein原文为“no, ifs ands or buts”是一句成语,其意义是“说话不要拐弯抹角”,即“说话时不要总是假若、以及或但是等虚词,而不直明瞭的说出”之意,不是绕口令。
③三级命令:准备一张白纸,要求病人把纸用右手拿起来,把它对摺起来,然后放到地上。三个动作各得一分。
④阅读理解:准备一白纸用粗体大字写“请闭上眼睛”,请患者先朗读一遍,然后要求患者按纸写命令去做。患者能闭上双眼给一分。
⑤书写:给患者纸和笔,请患者在纸上主动随意写一个句子。检查者不能用口述句子代替患者自发书写。但可给患者一较大书写范围,以节省患者搜寻和筛选时间,如“请写一有关天气或文艺方面的句子”等。句子应有主语和谓语,必须有意义,能被人理解。文法和标点符号不强作要求。
⑥临摹:要求患者临摹一重叠的两个五角形,五角形的各边长应在一英寸[2.5cm]左右。两图形必须交叉,必须有10个角,交叉后的图需成四边形。但角不锐和边不直可忽略不计。
MMSE的缺点亦不容忽视:
(1)项目内容容易受到受试者受教育程度影响,对文化程度较高的老人有可能出现假阴性,即忽视了轻度认知损害(如Strain报道,MMSE识别轻度认知失调的敏感性仅为0.52),而对低教育及操方言者有可能出现假阳性;
(2)注意(心算)、记忆、结构模仿等项目得分并不足以反映相应的认知领域表现,不能有效地绘制个体认知廓图;
(3)强调语言功能,非言语项目偏少,对右半球功能失调和额叶功能障碍不够敏感;
(4)记忆检查缺乏再认项目,命名项目过于简单;
(5)没有时间限制;
(6)对皮质性功能紊乱比对皮质下功能紊乱更敏感;
(7)不能用于痴呆的鉴别诊断,作为认知功能减退的随访工具亦不够敏感(如Clark对82例AD患者随访4年,16%的患者MMSE得分没有显著下降)。故深入研究认知损害往往采用多个更特异的测验工具搭配使用。
MMSE评估的定义、使用指南
Definition
The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a simple and standardized test elaborated by Folstein in 1975 to evaluate the cognitive performance in older subjects and to eventually quantify cognitive deficits.
This test is compod of 30 questions or tasks (also called items) that explore possible disorders/deficits of:
Orientation in time and place
Attention
Memory
Language: word, comprehension, reading, writing (aphasia =speech difficulties)
Motor skills although motor function is intact (also called apraxia)
Preliminary remarks
Remark 1
This test does not include items that may detect a disturbance of executive functions: deterioration of the capacity to think in an abstracted way, to plan, to organize...
Remark 2
It usually takes about 10 minutes to administer, a little more in patients with moderately vere deficits.
The patient needs a pencil, three sheets of paper, a text with large characters for item 28, a drawing for item 30.
When the patient has difficulty writing, questions are asked orally. If he has difficulty hearing or understanding, the examiner must repeat the questions.
The system of scoring is simple since it only involves adding correct answers given to the different items. A maximal score is 30. The overall score classifies the various levels of dementia:
Severe form of dementia = from 0 to 9 points
Moderate form of dementia = from 10 to 19 points
Mild form of dementia = from 20 to 24 points
A score higher than 27 is considered as normal. A mild cognitive impairment or dementia is suspected if the score is equal or lower than 24 points.
Limitations of the test
This test alone is not sufficient to detect a dementia becau veral parameters (social and educational levels, the last professional occupation, the prence of psychological disorders and, to a lesr extent, age) can bias the results. Indeed, verbal respon, reading and writing are important aspects of MMSE. It is thus difficult to interpret if the subject has poor language skills or is hearing or visually impaired. Thus, the score can be overestimated in a cognitive impaired subject with a high education and a high mental activity. On the other hand, the score can be underestimated in a poorly educated subject and/or a subject with depressive symptoms or delirium.
Lastly, this test is ud to evaluate the progression of the cognitive disorders and therapeutic efficacy of a drug by comparing the results over a given period.
Here are 30 items that have to be performed:
The examiner begins the test while saying: “I will ask you questions to evaluate the functioning of your memory. Some of them are very simple, others less so. You must answer as best you can."
Test of orientation in time
Examiner: "what is the complete date today?"
Correct answer = 5 points. If the answer is incorrect or incomplete, the examiner asks the questions remaining unanswered, in the following order:
Item 1. "What is the year?"
Item 2. "What is the ason?"
Item 3. "What is the month?"
Item 4. "What is the date?"
Item 5. "What is the day of week?"
Allow 10 conds for each question and give a point for each correct answer (maximum 5 points).