1. 一般情况下加s | map—maps | ||||||||||||||
2. s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词加 -es | bus—bus 【stomach(胃)---stomachs；epoch(新时期)---epochs】 | ||||||||||||||
3. 以y结尾的名词,变复数时 | a. 以辅音字母+y, 变y 为i 加es baby—babies b. 专有名词或元音字母+y, 直接加s two Marys, monkeys 【Dry禁酒论者---drys , standby 后备人员---standbys】 | ||||||||||||||
4. 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时 | a. 加s， photo—photos b. 加es，Negro, hero, potato, tomato, volcano, tornado, torpedo, veto, mosquito, | ||||||||||||||
5. 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时 | a. 去f或fe 加ves，half—halves b. 加s，gulf/cliff/roof/grief chief/belief/proof/safe +S | ||||||||||||||
6. 名词复数的不规则变化 | a. man—men woman—women child—children foot—feet tooth—teeth goo—gee mou—mice lou - lice ox - oxen b. an Englishman—two Englishmen. 【但German-Germans，human-humans】
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7. 单复 同形 名词 | deer, sheep, fish, shark, giraffe, buffalo, Chine, Japane, Swiss, Swedish, Danish, means, ries, species, aircraft, staff, li, jin, yuan, two li, three mu, four jin除了中国度量衡和货币之外,美元,英镑,法郎等都有复数形式。the English, the Chine,表示国民总称时，谓语用复数。【-e, -ish结尾的国家人单复同形。】
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8. 集 体 名 词 | A单数类集体名词： 意思为复数，但谓语用单数humanity 人类clothing 衣服glassware 玻璃器具machinery 机械mankind 人类equipment 设备jewelry 珠宝poetry 诗baggage 行李furniture 家具luggage 行李pottery 陶器 | ||||||||||||||
B复数类集体名词：以单数形式出现，但实为复数,谓语用复数。 faculty, poultry, folk, people, police等本身就是复数，谓语动词复数。不能说 a people和a police,但可以说a person和a policeman 【a people–two peoples】 | |||||||||||||||
C单复同形类集体名词谓语单复数由意思决定army; audience; bacteria; cast; class, committee; community; company; council; crew; data; enemy; family; flock; gang; government; group; herd; jury; media; navy; opposition; police; press; public; staff ; team; youth
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9. 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词 | a. maths，politics，physics学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 d. 某些疾病mumps 腮腺炎 measles 麻疹 e. 活动名称billiards /cards /darts | ||||||||||||||
10. -表示由两部分构成的东西 -以ing结尾的词 -其他复数 | 如：glass, trours, clothes, slippers 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair; suit, a pair of glass; two pairs of trours。谓语单复数取决于数量词pair单复数。 | ||||||||||||||
belongings; surroundings; doings; earnings; findings; savings;; | |||||||||||||||
contents; arms; fireworks; wages; forces; remains; valuables; stairs; sweets | |||||||||||||||
11. 复合名词的复数 | a. 由man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式前后都变复数 Woman teacher—women teachers b. 中间无连字号也没间隔的复合名词变复数，将最后一个名词变复数 houwife—houwives; greenhou—greenhou c. 中间有连字符号或间隔的复合名词，将主要的词变成复数 pasr-by—pasrs-by; mother-in-law—mothers-in-law d. 复合名词中的单词没有名词时，则在最后一个单词的词尾+s go-between—go-betweens, has-been—has-beens (过时的人或物) | ||||||||||||||
12. 用复数的固定词组 | thanks to; give regards to; take pains; with best wishes; have words with; in high spirits; in all directions; shake hands with sb; make preparations for; make friends with; congratulations (to sb) on (doing) sth | ||||||||||||||
常见的不可数名词有： --物质/材料：air; beancurd; beef; blood; bread; butter; chalk; chicken; chocolate; cloth; coal; coffee; corn; cream; daylight; cotton; dirt; dust; energy; chee; fibre; fog; food; fruit; flesh; four; glass; gold; grain; grass; hair; honey; iron; kerone; lightning; meat; milk; money; moustache; mud; music; mutton; hay; oxygen; paper; pork; porridge; powder; rain; ice; rubbish; salt; sauce; silver; steam; steel; storage; sugar; sunri; sweat; thirst; thunder; water; wheat; wind; wood; wool; soap; vinegar; wine; soup; baggage; clothing; furniture; luggage; jewelry; equipment; electricity; homework; --抽象：time; noi; information; knowledge; progress; trouble; fun; courage; luck；patience；poverty; wealth；traffic；waste； quality; advice; attention; business; citizenship; danger; darkness; death; depth; damage; comfort; education; disappointment; experience(经验); freedom; future, goodness, graduation; grammar; happiness; health; hunger; imagination; importance; justice; kindness; luck; measure; labour; humor; permission; pressure; practice; pleasure; population; sickness; smoking; sorrow; starvation; treatment; truth; u; willingness; wisdom; weather; work; houwork; pollution; ****【牢记以下纯不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用:weather, fun, space(太空), advice, word=news, progress, information, news】 | |
不可数名词也可以直接加-s等表示复数，但它的意义也有所变化，用来指一些具体的事物。 --Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) --The cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) --This factory produces steel. 这个工厂生产钢铁。(不可数) --We need various steels. 我们需要各种钢材。(可数) --Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。(不可数) --Two teas, plea. 请来两杯茶。(可数) | |
water(水) - waters(水域)， a(海) - as(海域) sand（沙子） - sands（沙漠） wood（木头） - woods（树林） damage（毁坏） - damages（赔偿金） good（好处） - goods（货物） time（时间） - times（时代） custom（风俗） - customs（海关） minute（分钟） - minutes（记录） manner（态度） - manners（礼貌） exerci（锻炼） - exercis（体操、练习） paper（纸） - papers（文件） character（性格）- characters（汉字、符号） | advice（建议） - advices（通知） force（力量） - forces（军队） return（回来） - returns（统计表） green（绿色） - greens（青菜） light（光） - lights（灯） iron（铁） - irons（熨斗） glass（玻璃） - glass（玻璃杯） freedom (自由) -four freedoms (特指“四大自由”) necessity（必要性） - necessities（生活必需品） modernization (现代化) - the four modernizations (特指“四个现代化”) spirit（精神） - in high spirits（情绪） custom（习俗） - customs（海关） experience（经验） - experiences（经历） |
只修饰可数名词的词或短语： Many；veral；few /a few; a great(good) many; a number of; a large(great) number of; (large/great) numbers of |
只修饰不可数名词的词或短语： Much little a great amount of a little a bit of a good(great) deal of |
修饰可数名词和不可数名词的词或短语： Some enough most a lot of lots of plenty of |
Much too + adj v.s too much + n |
抽象名词一般为不可数名词，不能和冠词连用，但以下这些抽象名词加a/an 表示具体的事物或人 honour; death; pleasure; success; failure; comfort; surpri; worry; beauty; wonder; envy; shock; shame; regret; joy; danger; shame; pity; experience; |
1. Of+抽象名词=相应的形容词 2. of + 表示大小、长短、深度、高度、年龄、颜色、材料
3. in + height/ length/ size/ width/ depth
4. by the hour/ by the dozen
5. with/ in / by/ on + (great + )抽象名词 = （very +）副词
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不可数名词没有词形变化，需要计量时，可用of连接相应的表量单位词，并加以数词和变表量单位词为复数的形式来表示 | a glass of water a piece of bread two glass of water four pieces of bread | ||||
但现代英语中，单位词的用法有变化 | two coffees(= two cups of coffee); two ices(= two pieces of ice) | ||||
不可数名词表量的形式 | chalk a cake of soap jewellery a drop of water news a fit of anger bread a lump of sugar furniture a slice of cake equipment a glass of wine a piece of luggage a suit of clothes information a sack of flour advice an article of furniture clothing a bar of chocolate paper a loaf of bread mail a burst of laughter | 名词的性 | 阳性+ ess, ine等表阴性 | actor - actress; prince - princess waiter - waitress; hero - heroine host - hostess; emperor - empress author - authoress; poet - poetess | |
以er, or结尾表主动；以ee结尾表被动 | trainer - trainee; employer - employee examiner - examinee; tester - testee interviewer - interviewee; investigator - investigatee; promisor(立约者) - promie(守约者) | ||||
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