1. Students should be prepared to be able to define the following linguistics terms:
1) Linguistics语言学
Linguistics should be defined as the systematic (or scientific) study of language.
2) Language语言
it is a system of arbitrary ˈɑ:bitrəri主观的 vocal symbols ud for human communication. It is a means of verbal communication. It distinguishes us from animals becau it is far more sophisticated.[səˈfistikeitid].精密的, 尖端的 than animal communication system.
3) Langue语言
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic systems shared by all the members of a speech community.
4) Parole言语
refers to the actualized language
5) linguistic competence语言能力
Competence is the ideal language ur's knowledge of the rules of his language or the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as system of abstract formal relation
6) linguistic performance语言运用
Performance is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterances. It refers to what we do when we speak or listen, that is, the indefinite varied individual acts of verbal behavior with their irregularities, inconsistencies, and errors.
7) Phonetics语音学
The study of human speech sound.
8) Phonology音位学
The study of the sound patterning(sounds functioning)
9) minimal pair
When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sounds combinations are said to form a minimal pair.
10) deep structure
The syntactic structure which is formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called deep structure
11) surface structure
The syntactic structure ,which corresponding to the final syntactic form of the ntence which results from appropriate transformations is called surface structure.
12) Semantics语义学
the meaning of language
13) Sen
it is concerned with the inherent .[inˈhiərənt]固有的; 内在的 meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.
14) Reference
it means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
15) Pragmatics语用学
it is the study of how speakers of a language u ntences to effect successful communication.
16) Register语域
the type of language which is lected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.
17) Dialect方言
A variety of a language ud recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class is called dialect.
18) Acquisition获取
First language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue. Second language acquisition refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a cond language subquent to his native language.
19) inter-lingual errors
errors result from language transfer, or caud by the learner’s mother tongue. i.e. caud by the learner’s “Elle regarde les”
20) intra-lingual errors
They mainly result form faulty or partial learning of the target language. It may be caud by the influence of one TL. Term upon another.
21) applied linguistics
it refers to the application of linguistic theories, methods, and findings to the study of language learning and teaching
22) the aptitude test
it is designed to measure the learner’s aptitude or natural ability to learn languages.
23) the achievement test
it focus on asssing a testee’s mestery of the contents of a particular cour.
24) co-operative principle
it refers to that the participants in a convasation normally communicate in a maximally efficient natual and cooperative way.
2. Students should be able to answer the following questions:
1) In what ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?
The focus of rearch has been transformed from the language system to the u of language.
The ri of the inter-displinery rearch and the borderline介于两者之间的 subjects.
2) For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?
Speech is prior to writing；The writing system is invented when needed；Today there are languages which can only be spoken but not written；Speech plays a greater role than writing in daily communication；Each human being first acquires speech and then learns writing；Modern linguistics tends to pay more attention to authentic speech.
3) What is a phone? How is it differ from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?
