Rhetorical device： 修辞方式
Part I Figure of speech 比喻
1． 明喻 (Simile)
明喻就是用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处
U a book as a bee does flowers. 读书如蜜蜂采蜜。
Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit. 没有学识的机智犹如没有果实的树。
The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。
He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。
2． 暗喻 ( Metaphor)
暗喻和明喻一样也是在两个不同类对象之间进行比较。但暗喻不用比喻词as或like等，而是直接把本体说成喻体。如：
Time is money. 时间就是金钱。
Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother. 经验是智慧之父，记忆是智慧之母。
He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。
3． 换喻/借喻 ( Metonymy)
换喻不像明喻、暗喻等比喻形式那样利用不同类对象的相似或类同点构成比较，而是利用对象之间的某种联系来唤起他人的联想，从而避免直说。比如用the White Hou 代替美国政府或者总统， 用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。pentagon如：
His pur would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。
The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。
He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。
4． 提喻 (Synecdoche)
提喻是指用部分代表整体，或用整体代表部分的修辞方法,或以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。如：
Two heads are better than one. 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。
Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。
这里head, mind均是以人体的某部分来代表"人"这一整体。
He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。
The farms were short of hands during the harvest ason. 在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。
Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。
He is the Newton of this century. 他是这个世纪的牛顿。
Part II 其他重要的修辞方式：
5． 拟人 ( Personification)
拟人是把无生命的东西或抽象的概念赋予人的个性的修辞方法。如：
Facts speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
Fields have eyes, and woods have ears. 隔墙有耳。
Riches rve a wi man, but command a fool. 财富是智者的奴隶，愚者的主人。
The flowers nodded to her while she pasd. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。
6. 夸张 ( Hyperbole)
运用丰富的想象，在数量、形状或程度上加以渲染以增强表达效果，这就是夸张。如：
A thousand years cannot repair a moment's loss of honor. 一失足成千古恨。
Money makes the mare go. 有钱能使鬼推磨。
The world is but a little place, after all. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。
7. 头韵 (Alliteration)
英语是一种韵律丰富的语言。两个或更多的词以相同的辅音字母开始，便构成头韵。如：
Look before you leap. 三思而后行。
Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人。
Long and loudly little Lily laughed. 小莉莉长时间地、大声地笑着。
The windows waved violently in the wind. 窗户在风中剧烈地摇动。
9. 委婉 (euphemism)
用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫、沮丧的局面。例如：
用to fall asleep; to cea thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代替 to die
用nior citizens代替old people
用 a slow learner或者an under achiever在学习方面未发挥潜力的学生代替a stupid pupil
用weight watcher代替 fat people
用mental hospital 代替 madhou或者 asylum
用emotionally disturbed代替mad
用washroom, men's / women's room代替 lavatory厕所
用low income brackets; underprivileged; disadvantaged 代替 poor people
10. parallelism.排比
把三个或以上意义相关或相近、结构相同或相似、语气相同的词组或句子并排在一起，就叫做排比。
Thinking logically, speaking eloquently and writing explicitly are important elements of go
od communication.
From my obrvation, many people today spend their time receiving more and more education, working more and more hours, and making more and more money.
11. 重复 ( Repetition)
重复是指某词或词组的重复使用。如：
Little things amu little minds. 小人无大志。
Measure for measure. 以牙还牙。
Who chatters to you, will chatter of you. 来向你搬弄是非者, 也必会向别人搬弄你的是非。
12. Antithesis: (对照）它是把意义相反或相对的语言单位排列在平行、对称的结构里,以求取一种匀称的形式美和强烈的对照感。Antithesis 有两个特点:一是语义上的对照性,二是结构上的对称性。因此, 该辞格可看作是Parallelism(平行) 与Contrast (对照) 的结合,故译作“平行对照”。\
Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud.
有知使人谦卑,无知使人骄矜。
A pessimist is one who makes difficulties of his opportunities; an optimist is one who makes opportunities of his difficulties.
悲观的人把机会变成困难;乐观的人将困难化为机会。
反语 (irony)/ Sarcasm: (讽刺） 是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表达反面意思。从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。
“What a fine day for an outing!”
(计划一次出游却被大雨搅黄了，于是出现了上句话，达到讽刺的效果，更能反映当时心情的沮丧和无奈)
On her birthday, the old lady merely received a check from her dear daughter, nothing more, what a lovely prent! (选自大学英语精读1，unit 3 The prent)
14. 双关 ( Pun)
双关是巧妙地利用同音异义或同形异义等现象使词或句子具有两种不同的含义，显得含蓄、幽默而新奇。如：
Measure yourlf by your own foot. 用自己的脚来量自己。/ 用自己的标准来衡量自己。
这里foot有两层含义：（1）脚；（2）英尺。构成语义双关。
Rue and thyme grow both in one garden. 芸香和麝香长在同一个园子里。/ 悔恨与日俱增。
rue有两层含义：（1）芸香；（2）悔恨。构成语义双关。thyme与time发音相同，构成语音双关。
A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (arms可指手臂或者武器)
一发炮弹打断了他的腿，所以他缴械投降了。
