论英语导游讲解实景的几个融合问题
刘宏义
【摘 要】以实践为基础,探讨用英语讲解实景中的几个融合问题.导游员为了使现场讲解效果最大化,需考虑讲解内容的关联性、 系统性和完整性,力求构建有关讲解内容的主线条并做到几个关键内容的融合,即讲解内容与实物(景)的结合,肢体语言与口头语言的结合、 历史事件与人物的结合、 知识与技巧的结合.
【期刊名称】《怀化学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2019(038)003
【总页数】4页(P105-108)
【关键词】融合;实景讲解;英语
【作 者】刘宏义
【作者单位】怀化学院外国语学院, 湖南怀化418000
【正文语种】中 文
【中图分类】H315.9
根据1999年5月14日颁布并于1999年10月1日起施行的《导游人员管理条例》第二条对导游员的定义：“本条例所称导游人员，是指依照本条例的规定取得导游证，接受旅行社委派，为旅游者提供向导、讲解及相关旅游服务的人员。”[1]355其中景点景区导游人员亦称讲解员，是指在旅游景区景点，如博物馆、纪念馆、自然保护区等为游客进行导游讲解的工作人员[2]34。从这个概念来看，讲解构成了导游员工作的核心内容。本文以作者的导游实践为基础，探讨在现场用英语讲解景物景观的几个融合问题。
一、讲解内容与实景（物）的结合
在提供向导、讲解及与旅游相关服务的过程中，导游员的讲解自始至终都必须把讲解内容与实景（地）融合起来，无论是自然景观还是人文景观。这种融合最为突出地表现在建筑、动植物、地貌等特定旅游对象方面。建筑类实景大多为庙宇、道观、博物馆、纪念馆、古建筑群或民居等。对建筑类景观的讲解，不可避免会提到一些建筑术语，如“四水归
堂”这种建筑类型。湖南洪江古商城有一处叫“汛把总署”的景点，导游员除了要讲清楚“汛地”是啥意思、把总是旧时军营的什么官职等内容外，还不得不提这座建筑的特色，其中就会提到“四水归堂”这种建筑类型。“四水归堂”是指江南民居独有的一种平面布局方式，其建筑布置紧凑，院落占地面积较小，住宅的大门多开在中轴线上，迎面正房通常为大厅，由四合房围成的小院子通称天井，仅作采光和排水用。因为屋顶内侧坡的雨水从四面流入天井，寓意水聚天心，故称“四水归堂”。英文讲解词如下：
The whole building faces the north.It is elegantly designed with high walls，well-arrayed roofs，spacious halls and stone-paved ground.As there is an overhead openingwith fourinward slope-down roofs，the courtyard is naturally lighted and ventilated and the occupants of the building could get the rainwater all through the year.The carved decorations on the wood structure are meticulous and elegant like tho in traditional paintings.
试想如果游客不是身处实景，谁又能领悟导游员的这番讲解呢？所以说带领游客参观游览建筑类实景时，需强调把讲解内容与实景结合起来。
每逢春暖花开的季节，在张家界武陵源景区，人们能看到很多罕见的树木和花卉。在湖南省导游资格证考试推荐的十三篇导游词中，有一篇“金鞭溪”的导游词。游览金鞭溪，导游员会适时讲到鸽子花、水杉、珙桐等映入眼帘的景色。作者英译如下：
This rare tree is called dove tree.It is a kind of woody plant，which can only be found in China.It blossoms at the end of spring and at the beginning of summer and nowit is under the protection of our country.Many foreign tourists who have come to visit Zhangjiajie give its flower another cute name，“the Chine dove flower”.
Look，the tall，elegant-looking tower-shaped trees on either side of the valley are called metaquoia.It is another rare and age-old kind of trees under the protection ofChina.This kind oftree was believed tohave disappeared when the quaternary glacial period hit here.But Chine botanists found this kind oftree in the Modao Gully of Wanxian County，Sichuan Province in 1941.In 1982，when Zhangjiajie was at the early stage of being exploited and developed，large areas of metaquia and more than 3000 other rare and precious plants were found here.This is really a big wealth endowed by the great Mother Nature.
二、讲解内容与历史事件、人物的结合
人类创造了历史，历史也成就了一些人物。说到历史事件，必然就会涉及一些历史人物，所以场馆导游讲解在讲述历史时要做到人物与历史事件的结合。“抗日烽火起卢沟，一纸降书落芷江”这句话概括了抗战的起始。关于卢沟桥事件的起因，史书多有记载，但丹尼尔·福德所著的《飞虎队：陈纳德和他的美国志愿者（1941-1942）》一书中有一个细节值得在预制导游词文本时借鉴：
At Luoyang，Chennault heard that Japane and Chine troops were fighting at the Marco Polo Bridge near Beijing.The cau was obscure：Japane troops on maneuvers，shells exploding in their bivouac area，and Private Shimura Kikujiro vanishing on piss-call.The suppod casualty returned to duty next day，but the Japane commander was determined to eject Chine troops from the area.The offensive came as a surpri to the government in Tokyo.However，as they'd done with the earlier occupation of Manchuria，the politicians bowed to the generals，giving Chiang Kai0shek the choice ofsurrender or goingtowar[3]12-13.
因日本兵志村菊次郎一泡尿而引发的历史事件看似荒唐可笑，但确是历史的捉弄。这种把历史事件与人物结合并注重细节的讲解方式能大大激发游客的兴趣，同时也体现导游员和讲解员的知识积累。
博物馆和纪念馆皆为人工建筑，馆藏内容大多涉及历史与人物。为了做到讲解内容与场馆实景的结合，导游员或讲解员除了对纪念馆的布展要非常熟悉，同时还要考虑讲解时间的分配，做到所讲内容与所看到的布展内容同步。如：在湖南芷江飞虎队纪念馆内的“陈纳德来到中国”这幅陈纳德的展照前，需用一两分钟时间交代清楚陈纳德来中国的一些历史背景概况。
In April， 1937， Claire Lee Chennault， then a captain in the United States Army Air Corps，retired from active duty and accepted an offer from Madame Chiang Kai-shek for a three-month mission to China to make a confidential survey of the Chine Air Force.At that time，China and Japan were on the verge of war and the fledgling Chine Air Force was bet by internal problems.Madame Chiang Kai-shek took over leadership of the aeronautical Commission in order to reorganize the Chine Air Force.This was the begin
ning of Chennault's stay in China which did not terminate until 1945 at the clo of World War II.Four months after Pearl Harbor，Chennault returned to active duty with the United States Armyin the springof1942.After the American Volunteer Group was disbanded on July 4，1942，the China Air Task Force of the United States Army Air Forces，commanded by General Chennault，officially took over air operations in China.In early March，1943，the 14th Air Force was activated under the command of Chennault and replaced the China Air Task Force.Chennault remained in command of the 14th Air Force until the end of July，1945.General Chennault formally retired from the military for the cond time in October，1945.Lieutenant General Claire L.Chennault died of lung cancer on July27，1958.
