腓特烈一世（Frederick I）
Frederick I
Frederick I did not only refer to the holy emperor of Rome, who ud this name: (chronologically)
A, Duke of Swabia
Two. Archbishop of Cologne
Three. The holy emperor of Rome
Four. Duke of Austria
Five, the Elector of Land Brandenburg
Six, the Elector of the Palatinate
Seven, king of Prussia
The following is the deeds of the emperor Frederick I of the sacred Rome empire:
Frederick I, Friedrich I, nicknamed the red beard (Barbarossa), barbarossa. (1122 - June 10, 1190) Hohens the king of Rome (1152 - 1190) and the Holy Rome Emperor (crowned in 1155). He is also the German duke of Swabia (as Frederick III, 1147) and the king of Italy (1154 - 1186). His father was Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, mother is Bavaria Judith (the Wilf family). According to kinship, he was the nephew of emperor Conrad Sans. It's called "red beard"".
Domestic policy
Like all talented emperor Frederick I like, trying to control the wild and intractable princes of the territory of germany. He issued a decree feoff in 1158, all the requirements for military rvice, the emperor accepted feod. His other major move was to divide large princes into pieces, so that Austria was parated from the Principality of Bavaria in 1156 to make it an independent principality. Frederick I attempted to take the Royal territory into a municipality directly under the central government, and rely on the rule.
Invasion of Italy
Frederick's strong interest in Italy made Italy affairs the most important part of his life. In order to conquer the cities of Lombardy and make the rich regions the source of Taxation for the Empire, F
rederick I carried out the policy of invading Italy for a long time. He made 6 military incursions into Italy:
The first time: 1154, Italy to Pope Eugene III Frederick I nt a letter for help, it was an uprising broke out in Rome, people in the name of a rebel cleric Arnold under the leadership of the insurgents claimed to abolish the papal territory, and let the life of ordinary people. Frederick I did not give up the opportunity to nd troops to Italy, quickly crushed the uprising, and convened in Italy city held a meeting on behalf of Roncaglia, reiterated Frederick I of Italy has the absolute right to rule, from the appointment of officials to taxation are only determined by the emperor;
Second times: in 1158, due to Frederick I indulge looting soldiers in Italy, north of Italy city was completely outraged, they formed the city group and Frederick led Milan to a world. Frederick I, however, overwhelmed the insurgents with powerful military violence, and the city alliance was forced to surrender;
Third: 1160, Frederick I once again invaded Italy, the reason is Alexander Sans Pope of Rome new intolerable despotic red beard, he announced that he would fight Frederick the excommunication and support of city states. Frederick I nt troops. After two years of fighting, Milan was captured, an
d the reprentative of Milan, dresd in hemp and barefoot, surrendered out of the city. However, Frederick I was mercilessly Milan residents out of town, and a central square in the city, the barren, also allows prisoners head cut off when the ball, to insult the people of Milan.
Fourth: 1167, Frederick I of the massacre atrocities angered the people of Italy, Venice, Verona city of Italy formed a new "Lombardy alliance", and quickly get the support of the pope. Frederick I once again to a Shirupozhu against Rome, Pope Alexander III fled. And then the war stalled, Frederick's army has fought bravely against the people of Italy, and the plague epidemic, thousands of brave veterans killed. At this time, Frederick I had to leave the army, disguid as a farmer fled back to germany;
Fifth times: in 1174, the last time the Frederick I rallied a burning shame and humiliation, in. At first, the Lombardy
alliance wanted peace talks, but Frederick refud. Due to the increa of Lombardy city alliance "(22) and Confederate soldiers experience enhanced near Milan in the battle, Frederick's army failed, Frederick I himlf was riously wounded, but to surrender. In 1177, Frederick and Alexander Sans signed the peace treaty of Venice, and Frederick I agreed to return the church and did not interfere i
n the domestic affairs of the pope. Later in 1183, Frederick's "Lombardy alliance" and signed the "peace treaty" was abolished in Konstanz, all decisions of Roncaglia meeting, but allowed Frederick a world in the name of rerve personnel management, and the provisions of the "Lombardy alliance" to do good work in the hospitality of emperor out;
The sixth time: in 1186, Frederick I launched the last expedition to Italy, but still failed.
coronation
After the first expedition to Italy, then to Frederick by Eugene III for his coronation, Eugene III and don't want to just his death. The new Pope Hadrian IV is very stubborn inflexible, in the coronation of Frederick I was constantly criticizing Frederick's behavior, finally also asked Frederick I as usual for the Pope, help the hor stirrup. Frederick's coronation ceremony broke out, all of a sudden become a slaughterhou, thousands of priests fell under the army knife, but Frederick I still won the "holy Rome Empire" of the title of the Emperor (ironically, Frederick I in fifth expeditions to Italy fail to show repentance "also," reverently kneeling on the feet of Pope Alexander Sans kiss the Pope's feet).
Struggle with the lion Henry
Although Frederick and his empire weiminghehe, but in the feudal era has been the formation of Germany, his statist policy still faces the challenge. His main enemies and rivals were Duke Isaacson, lion, Henry, Henry, who led Bavaria in 1156. In 1174, Henry refud to take part in the military action against Italy, and Frederick Henry attacked and defeated him. Most of Henry's land were deprived, only saved Brunswick and luneburg. But Frederick I did not assign the confiscated territory of Henry to the royal family, but gave them to the other dukes. From then on, it became a custom in Germany that the confiscated duchy could only be owned by the emperor for a short time.
The Third Crusade and the death of Frederick I
In 1189, after Frederick's reconciliation with the Pope, he led the Third Crusade with the lion king, Richard II and Philip II Augustus. However, he failed to reach the holy land after all. At the age of 67, he accidentally drowned in the saleph in Asia minor.
Evaluation and evaluation
"The crown of God, the mesnger of greatness and peace, the victors of glory and the constant expansion of the Empire, the emperor of the Romans, Frederick."." - Frederick I in third after an expedition to Italy in a statement on their own evaluation.
