英美国家概括 名词解释
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Unit 1
1. London
London is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain’s big companies. It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.
2. Robin Hood罗宾汉，英国传说中的一位著名绿林好汉，在森林里盘踞，以劫富济贫杀贪官污吏为宗旨。
Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up with oppressions压迫 from the Normans, he became an outlaw反叛者 and hid himlf with his band of “merry men” in the forest. From this cret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give the poor.
3. Anglo-Saxons盎格鲁-撒克逊
They were two groups of Germanic日耳曼 peoples who ttled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.
4. King Arthur 亚瑟国王，6世纪时英格兰统治者，圆桌骑士的领袖，有关他的传说很多。
It is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends.
5. King Harold哈罗德国王，英格兰最后一位撒克逊民族的国王，1066年诺曼底法国入侵英格兰时，在关键的Hastings 战斗中被杀。从此英格兰被征服，诺曼底统治者当了英国国王，即威廉一世。
He was the Saxon King who army was defeated in the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when William the Conqueror invaded England from France.
Unit 2
1. The Easter Rising复活节起义。1916年复活节清晨（4月26日，星期一）“爱尔兰共和兄弟”和共和军的战士们在帕尔斯和康纳利领导下，发动了一次反英的武装起义，占领了都伯林总邮局，宣布成立爱尔兰共和国。但是，由于时机不成熟和筹划不周，五天后就被镇压下去了。16名领导人被处死，160人受到军事审判，122人被判处有期徒刑。
In order to gain independence, different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces. One such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916. The rebels造反者，反叛者 occupied Dublin’s Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.
2. The Provisional IRA 爱尔兰共和军的“临时派”，主张使用暴力，坚持“不承认、不参加现政府机构”的政策，但也未完全放弃政治斗争。
In 1919, a group calling itlf the IRA (Irish Republic Army) expended fighting for Irish fre
edom and independence. The Provisional IRA is the radical faction基本的派别 of the IRA. They prefer the u of force and believe that armed force is the only way to get the British out and to have a unified Ireland.
3. Sinn Fein 新芬党，北爱政党之一，成立于1905年，该党主张英国政府从北爱撤走，使南北统一。该党的宗旨是确保国际上承认爱尔兰是一个独立的共和国国家。1970年分裂为“正式派”和“临时派”。
Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which supports the IRA to fight for the union of Ireland. The leaders of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign运动，战役，竞选活动, both military and political which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box”暴力和民主手段，他们主张用政治或军事手段解决爱尔兰的统一. It believes that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political problem of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.
4. Home Rule自治法案。1912年在下议院提出自治法案，遇到北爱尔兰统一派和保守党的强烈反对。该法案搁置至1914年才被乔治五世国王签署成为法律。由于第一次世界大战爆
发，北爱尔兰自治问题未觉，随后发生了1916年复活节起义，改变了南爱公众的看法，南爱不接受北爱自治法案。
Ireland had long been dominated统治 by Britain, but Irish desire for an independent Irish state was never lost. “Home Rule” refers to a campaign for Irish control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally pasd in 1914, but the process was overtaken压倒，搁置 by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.
5. The Good Friday Agreement《北爱和平协议》。1998年4月10日在美国参议员乔治·米歇尔的斡旋下，英爱两国政府与参加北爱多党谈判的各党派之间达成的和平协议。该协议于1998年5月22日在北爱和爱尔兰全民公决中获得通过。该协议规定只有在北爱大多数人赞同的情况下才能改变北爱目前的政治地位。目前北爱由爱尔兰政府，英国政府及北爱执行委员会三方共同参与管理。Good Friday 是每年复活节礼拜天前一周的周五。
As a result of multi-party negotiations, the Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures the loyalist亲英派 community共同体，公众 that Northern Ireland remains保持，仍是 part of the United Kingdom and it won’t change its p
olitical status unless the majority of the people of Northern Ireland agree. Under the terms条款 of the agreement, Northern Ireland should be governed by three parate jurisdictions管辖权: that of Republic of Ireland, that of Great Britain and that of its own elected executive行政上的，行政部门的 government of ten minister执行者，部长，大臣.
Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom
1. The Bill of Rights of 1689《权利法案》，英国议会通过的限制国王权力，确立英国君主立宪制的宪法性文件。
In 1689, King James II’s daughter and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was pasd in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.
2. The Constitution
Britain has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British state are laid out in stat
ue law成文法, which are laws pasd by Parliament; the common laws普通法，判例法, which are laws established through common practice in the courts; and conventions习惯法.
3. The functions of Parliament
The functions of Parliament are: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.
